Exam 2 Material
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| Natural Increase | the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths
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| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | the number of live births per year per thousand people in the population
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| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per year per thousand people
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| Demographic Transition | shift in population growth
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| Stationary Population Level (SPL) | world's population will stabilize
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| Population Composition | structure of population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as martial status and education
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| Population Pyramids | displays the percentages of each age group in the total population
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| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | a baby's death during the first year following its birth. Often given in a number of cases per thousand
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| Child Mortality Rate | deaths of children between the ages 1 and 5
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| Life expectancy | the number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive.
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| Infectious Diseases | resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body
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| Chronic/Degenerative Diseases | the maladies of longevity and old age such as heart disease
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| Genetic/Inherited Diseases | diseases we can trace to our ancestry, the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup
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| Endemic | disease that prevails over a small area
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| Vectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by an intermediary vector. ex. Mosquito
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| Nonvectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by direct contact between a host and a victim. ex. kiss, handshake
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| Leading Cause of Death in US | heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's disease
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| Expansive Population Policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase
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| Eugenic Population Policies | designed to favor one racial or culture sector of the population over others. ex. Nazi Germany
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| Restrictive Population Policies | range from toleration or officially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of larger families
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| One-Child Policy | families that had more than one child were penalized financially, and educational opportunities and housing privileges were kept from them
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| Cyclic Movement | involves shorter periods away from home
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| Periodic Movement | involves longer periods away from home
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| Migration | change in residence intended to be permanent
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| Activity Spaces | daily routine of regular sequence of short moves within a local area
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| Nomadism | a matter of survival, culture, and tradition
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| Migrant Labor | involves millions of workers in the US and tens of millions worldwide. (Type of Periodic Movement)
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| Transhumance | system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures
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| Military Service | US citizens are moved to new locations to spend tours of duty that can last for years
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| International Migration | movement across country boarders (Transnational Migration)
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| Immigration | adds to the total population by people entering a country
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| Emigration | subtracts from the total population by people leaving the country
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| Internal Migration | migration that occurs within a single country's boarders
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| Forced Migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice
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| Voluntary Migration | series of options or choices that result in movement even if desperately or not so rationally
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| Laws of Migration | Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. The majority of migrants move a short distance. Migrants who move longer distances tens to choose big-city destinations. Urban residents are less migrtory than inhabitants of rural areas.
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| Gravity Model | predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them
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| Push Factors | conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place
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| Pull Factors | circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places
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| Distance Decay | migrants having more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones
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| Step Migration | migration streams that appear on maps as long, unbroken routes but consist of a series of stages
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| Intervening Opportunity | presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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| Deportation | being sent back home
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| Kinship Links | types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where friends or family have already found success
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| Chain Migration | flows along and through kinship links
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| Immigration Waves | chains of migration that build upon each other or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination
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| Global-Scale Migration | migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions
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| Explorers | surveyors and cartographers
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| Colonization | physical process where the colonizer takes over another place
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| Regional Scale | migration between neighboring countries to take advantage of short-term economic opportunities etc.
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| Islands of Development | cities in the developing world where most foreign investment takes place, vast majority of jobs are, and where infrastructure is concentrated. Port cities that became islands of economic development
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| Russification | sought to assimilate all the people in the soviet territory into the Russian culture
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| Guest Workers | labor migrants
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| Refugee | a person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationally, membership of particular social group, or political opinion
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| Internally Displaced Persons | people who have been displaced within their own countries
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| Asylum | right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives
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| Repatriation | process where the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands
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| Genocide | acts committed with intent to destroy , in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group
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| Immigration Laws | prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California
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| Quotas | each year European countries could permit the emigration to the US of 3% of the number of its nationals living in the US in 1910
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| Selective Immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering
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| Gender | difference between men and women, their characteristics
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| Identity | how we make sense of ourselves, how do each of us define ourselves, we construct our own identity
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| Race | product of ways of viewing minor genetic differences
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| Racism | attitude toward visible differences in individuals (predominately negative)
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| Residential Segregation | degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment
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| Succession | when new immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups
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| Sense of Place | infusing a place "with meaning and feeling" and is always changing as we change
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| Ethnicity | people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time
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| Space | "social relations stretched out"
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| Place | "particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together over time in that particular location"
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| Gendered | places seen as being appropriate for women or for men
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| Queer Theory | theory that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the hetero normative
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| Barrioization | dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
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