UPPER LIMB1
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| Which segment does upper limb associate with | C4 - T2
main contributor is c5 - T1
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| which segment does lower limb associate with | L1-S3, Main contributor is L2 - S2
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| In what direct does limb develop to and what influence the limb development? | Proximodistal orientation and Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) control the limb development
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| what is the name of space where proliferating cell is found during limb development | progress zone
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| how is 5 digit developed? | apotosis (cell death) at the distal falttened area.
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| Which area does 5 digit developed from? | distal flattened area
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| What is problem if there is a lack of cell death during limb development | result in Manus (hand) and pes (foot) deformities.
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| what control the development of dorsal and ventral trait of limb | Gene
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| the process of formation of long bone from chondrocytes | Endochondral ossification
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| What is the precusor of Long bone in limb? | Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage ==> chondrocytes (through process of endochondral ossification ) ==> long bone
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| cell further from the AER will develop into | Cartilage and muscle
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| where do we find the primary ossfication center | the shaft of bone (Diaphysis)
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| Function of epiphyseal plate | it remains to allow for growth
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| where does secondary ossificaiton center develop | the peiphysis at the end. It starts off as cartilage, then change to long bone.
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| how does the primary center ossification originate? | initate by a small cavity in the center of hyaline cartilage
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| periosteum | the outer covering where blood upply to bone prescursor is originated from and osteoblast form from perosterum.
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| what type of bone does intramembranous ossification usually assoicated with | flat bone : scapula cranial bone
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| what type of bones does endochondral ossification usually assocaite with | long bone: humerus, raidus
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| what are the 3+1 segment for upper limb | "arm+ forearm + hand" + proximal girdle at attach the limb to the rest of body
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| What are the 3+1 segment for lower limb | "thigh, leg , foot" + pelvic
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| what is dorsal segment develop into | Posterior compartment which are usually extensor (lateral rotator, ABductor, supinator)
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| What is ventral segment develop into | anterior compartment: flexor, medial rotator, adductor, pronator
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| each compartment is a function unit how? | they have similar function and has specific innervation and blood supply
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| how does limb rotate during development | The upper limb rotate 90 degree laterally and lower limb rotate 90 degree medially
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