vocabulary for microbiology chapter 14: principles of disease and epidemiology
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| etiology | the cause of disease
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| pathology | scientific study of disease
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| pathogenesis | the manner in which a disease develops
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| infection | the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
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| disease | when infection results in any change from a state of health
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| disease | an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing its normal functions
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| normal microbiota | microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions
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| microbial antagonism | once established, the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
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| symbiosis | the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host; living together
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| commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms is benefited and the other is unaffected
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| mutualism | type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms
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| parasitism | type of symbiosis where one organism is benefited at the expese of the other; many disease causing bacteria are this
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| opportunistic pathogens | bacteria that ordinarily do not cause diseasein their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment
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| incidence of a disease | the number of people in a population who develop a disase during a particular time period; it is an indicator of the spread of disease
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| prevalence of a disease | the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared; takes into account both new and old cases; indicator of how serously and how long a disease affects a population
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| sporadic disease | disease that occurs only occasionally; ie typhoid fever
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| endemic disase | a disease that is constantly present in a population; ie the common cold
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| epidemic disease | a disease where many people aquire it in a relatviely short period; ie the flu can be, ghonorhea
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| pandemic disease | an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide; ie flu can be, AIDS
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| acute disease | a disease that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time; ie the flu
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| chronic disease | disease that develops more slowly, and the body's reaction may be less severe, but the disease is likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods of time; ie hepatitis B, TB
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| subacute disease | a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic
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| latent disease | disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms; ie shingles
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| herd immunity | the presence of immunity in most of the population
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| local infection | an infection in which the invading microbes are limited to a relatively small area of the body; ie boils and abscesses
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| systemic (generalized) infection | microbes or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lypmh; ie measles
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| focal infection | when agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymph vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body; can arise from infections in areas such as the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
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| bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood
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| sepsis | if the bacteria in the blood actually multiply
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| toxemia | the presence of toxins in the blood; ie in tetanus
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| viremia | the presence of viruses in the blood
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| primary infection | an acute infection that causes the initial illness
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| secondary infection | infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses
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| subclinical (inapparent) infection | infection that does not cause any noticable illness; carriers may never develop the illness
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| predisposing factor | one that makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease; ie gender, genetic background, climate, nutrition, age, environment, preexisting illnesses, etc
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| incubation period | the time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms; depends on the specific microbe involved, its virulence, the number of microbes, and the resistance of the host
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| prodromal period | relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases; characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease such as aches and malaise
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| period of decline | when the signs and symptoms subside, fever decreases, and feeling of malaise diminishes; during this time patient is vulnerable to secondary infection
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| period of convalescence | person regains strenght, body returns to its prediseased state; recovery has occured
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| reservoir of infection | source that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission; may be human, animal, or nonliving
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| carriers | some people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of the illness; important living reservoirs of infection
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| zoonoses | diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans; ie rabies and lyme disease
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| contact transmission | the spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
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| direct contact transmission (person-to-person transmission) | the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptable host; no intermediate obect is involved
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| indirect contact transmission | occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object
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| fomite | any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection
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| droplet transmission | type of contact transmission; microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances, less than 1 meter
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| vehicle transmission | the transmission of disease agents by a medium such as water, food, or air, body fluids, intravenous fluids
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| waterborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission; pathogens spread by contaminated water
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| foodborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission where diseases transmitted via foods incompletely cooked, poor fridgeration, unsanitarily prepared
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| airborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission; spread of agents of infection by droplets of mucus that travel more than 1 meter; TB and measles ie
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| vectors | animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
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| mechanical transmission | one method in which anthropod vectors transmit disease; the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts; ie on food ppl eat
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| biological transmission | one method in which anthropod vectors transmit disease; the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts; an active more complex procdess than mechanical transmission; through viomiting while biting or in saliva transmitted
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| nonsocomial infection | one that does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission into the hospital; is aquired as a result of hospital stay
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| compromised host | one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns; broken skin or mucous membranes and a suppressed immune system
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| epidemiology | the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
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| descriptive epidemiology | entails collecting all data that describe the occurance of the disease under study; generally retrospective (looking back after episode has ended), but can be prospective (looking forward)
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| analytical epidemiology | analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause; can be done with case control method or cohort method
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| case control method | looks at factors that may have preceded the disease; study two populations, group who has disease and group free of disease and the two groups are compared
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| cohort method | epidemiologist studies two populations: one that had contact w/agent causing the disease and another that had not
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| experimental epidemiology | begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test hyp. are conducted
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| case reporting | an effective way to establish the chain of transmission; requires health care workers to report specified diseases to health officials (from Nationally Notifiable Diseases list)
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| morbidity | the incidence of specific notifiable diseases
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| mortality | the number of deaths from those notifiable diseases
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| morbidity rate | the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population
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| mortality rate | number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population
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