The Endocrine System chapter 12
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| The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the | bloodstream
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| Hormones are chemical | catalysts
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| A chemical catalyst causes a | reaction to occur
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| Hormones help maintain the body's internal environment within certain narrow ranges. This balanciing act is called | homeostatis
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| The pituitary gland is located at the | base of the brain
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| The pituitary is the size of a | pea
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| The pituitary gland is AKA | hypophysis or master gland
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| It is called the master gland because | its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands
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| Even though the pituitary is called the "master gland" it is controlled by the | hypothalamus
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| The pituitary gland is divided into two sections called the | anterior and posterior lobes
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| The anterior lobe produces | 1.GH growth hormone 2.TSH(T7)-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone AKA thyrotropin 3.ATCH-AdrenoCorticoTropic hormone 4.MSH-Melanocyte Stimulation Hormone 5.FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone 6.LH-Luteinizing Hormone 7.Lactogenic hormone AKA prolactin
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| GH(growth hormone) stimulates cell metabolism causing | cells to divide(replicate) and increase in size (changes you from a child to an adult)
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| Significant amounts of GH is secreted until age | 20
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| Insufficient amounts of GH(growth hormone) can cause | dwarfism
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| A synthetic GH(growth hormone) is called | Humatrope(somatropin)
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| Excessive amounts of GH(Growth hormone) can cause | giantism
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| -tropin means | I come from the pituitary gland
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| TSH(T7) thyroid stimulating hormone(thyrotropin) stimulates the | thyroid to produce its hormones
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| ACTH- AdrenoCorticoTropic hormone stimulates the | adrenal gland to produce their hormones
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| MSH - melanocyte stimulation hormone stimulates the melanocytes to produce | melanin(skin pigment)
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| A hereditary disorder characterized by an absence of melanin is called | albinism
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| FSH - follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the | a.Ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle(oocyte/egg cell) into an ovum(egg) b.Testes to create spermatozoa(spermatogenesis)
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| LH - luteinizing hormone stimulates | a.Ovulation b.The production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy c.Production of testosterone in males
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| Lactogenic (prolactin) hormone stimulates the production of | milk(lactation)
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| The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces: | 1.ADH -stands for AntiDiuretic Hormone AKA vasopressin 2.OT - OxyTocin stimulates the uterus to contract during labor//synthetic oxytocin is called Pitocin("Pit drip")
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| ADH -AntiDiuretic hormone influences the volume of | urine produced
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| Insufficient production of ADH(AntiDiuretic Hormone) is called | Diabetes Insipidus(DI) / synthetic ADH is called Pitressin(vasopressin)
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| Oxytocin is also known as the | binding hormone (binding refers to male-female and mother-neonate bonding)
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| The thyroid gland is located on the right and left sides of the | trachea(windpipe) just inferior to the larynx(voice box/vocal cords)
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| The thyroid produces the following hormones: | 1.T4 AKA thyroxine 2.T3 AKA triiodothyronine 3.Calcitonin
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| T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as | thyroxine
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| T3 & T4 are responsible for the regulation of | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
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| Metabolism refers to the rate at which the body | utilizes(burns) energy
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| Hyperthyroidism (produces too much T3&T4/thyroxine) is called | Grave's disease
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| Hypothyroidism (produces too little T3&T4/thyroxine) is called | myxedema
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| A synthetic thyroxine is called | Synthroid(levothyroxine) (given to myxedema/ hypothyroidism patients)
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| Calcitonin is released when the | blood calcium levels rise
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| Calcitonin causes the deposit of | Calcium(Ca) and Phosphorus(P) in the bones
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| The parathyroid glands are located | embedded in the posterior(behind) surface of the thyroid gland
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| The parathyroid glands are the size of | raisins
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| The parathyroid glands secrete | ParaThyroid Hormone(PTH) AKA parathormone
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| PTH (ParaThyroid Hormone) causes osteocytes(bone cells) to | released stored Calcium(Ca) and Phosphorus(P) into the blood
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| Release of PTH(ParaThyroid Hormone) will occur when | serum Ca (calcium) levels fall
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| The adrenal glands are located just superior to the | kidneys
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| The adrenal glands are AKA | suprarental glands
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| The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal medulla(inner/middle)
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| The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal cortex(outer)
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| The adrenal medulla produces: | Adrenalin AKA epinephrine
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| Adrenalin(epinephrine) contributes to the | "fight or flight" response
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| The fight or flight response includes: | 1.the breakdown of glycogen(released from liver) to glucose 2.Tachycardia(fast heart) 3.Tachypnea(fast breathing) 4.Bronchodilation 5.Hypertension(high blood pressure) 6.Pallor (paleness)
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| The adrenal cortex(outer) produces | 1.Aldosterone 2.Cortisol (hydrocortisone) AKA steroids(Corticosteroids)
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| Anabolic steroids, the type used by athletes, are synthetic versions of | testosterone
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| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes: | 1. Sudden Death (MI-myocardial infarction/heart attack, CVA-cerebral vascular accident/stroke 2. Liver cancer 3. Aggressiveness ("roid rage")
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| Aldosterone regulates the balance of | electrolytes ("lytes")
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| Electrolytes (salts) include: | 1.Sodium(Na) 2.Potassium(K) 3.Chloride(Cl) 4.Calcium(Ca)-mineral salts 5.Phosphorus(P)-mineral salts
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| The actions of cortisol(hydrocortisone) include: | 1.Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals. 2.Helps reduce the inflamatory response 3.Aids the body with stressful situations
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| Hypersecretion of cortisol is called | Cushing's disease - produce to much testosterone
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| Hyposecretion of cortisol is called | Addison's desease - produce to little testosterone
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| A synthetic cortisol is called | cortisone
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| The pancreas is located posterior to the | stomach(retrogastric)
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| The purpose of the pancreas includes the production of | INSULIN & GLUCAGON
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| Insulin is secreted when the | Blood Sugar(BS) rises after eating a meal
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| The insulin allows the glucose(BS blood sugar) to | enter the cells
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| When the glucose enters the cells the blood sugar(BS) level will | fall
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| When the blood sugar(BS) falls too low the pancreas will secrete | glucagon
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| Glucagon will stimulate the | liver to convert glycogen to glucose
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| the pancreas's cycle is | glucagon turns glycogen(liver) into glucose
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| The stimulating of the liver to convert glycogen to glucose will cause the | glucose(BS-blood sugar) to rise
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| A normal Blood Sugar(BS) is | 1. 70-130 mg/dL before meals(a.c.) 2. Less then 180 mg 2 hours after meals(p.c.)
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| Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glycose(insulin resistance) by the cells is called | diabetes mellitus(DM)
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| A synthetic insulin is called | Humulin(insulin)
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| Medications designed to stimulate the pancrease to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose(BS) utilization are called | oral hypoglycemics(antidiabetes)
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| Risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus(DM) include: | Heredity**Obesity**Over consumption of refined sugars**Over consumption of food**Sedentary lifestyle**Gestational(pregnancy) Diabetes Mellitus(DM)**African American, Native American**Hispanic**Asian American**Chronic Hypertention(HTN-high blood pressure)
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| Diabetes mellitus(DM)that develops in children is called | juvenile onset diabetes mellitus(DM) or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) or type I diabetes mellitus(DM)
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| Type 1 diabetes mellits(DM) is the most serious form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and requires: | 1.Daily injections of insulin 2.Strict diet control 3.Regimented(regular) exercise
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| Diabetes mellitus(DM) that develops in adulthood is called | maturity onset diabetes mellitus(DM) or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) or type II diabetes mellitus(DM)
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| This type of diabetes mellitus(DM) is less severe and can often be controlled by | proper diet alone or proper diet and oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) such as Diabenese or Glucophage
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| Oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) stimulate the pancreas to | secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose(BS) more efficiently
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| Signs & symptoms of diabetes mellitus(DM) include: | **Polyuria(excessive urination)**Glycosuria(sugar in the urine)**Polydipsia(excessive thirst)**Ketonuria(Ketones (burn fat) in the urine**Weight loss**Fatigue**Poor wound healing
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| Complications of diabetes mellitus(DM) include | Atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction(MI)*cerebral vascular accident(CVA)*occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene*Diabetes retinopathy(DR) blindness*Neuropathy causing pain-tingling-loss of feeling/paralysis*kidney failure* Impotence/ED
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| ED stands for | erectile dysfunction
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| Treatment(Tx) for diabetes mellitus(DM) includes: | *Strict diet based on number of calories per day divided into proper portions of carbohydrates, fats & proteins*Correct dosages of insulin based on Self Blood Glucose Monitorin(SBGM)
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| Tx for diabetes mellitus(DM) con't | Regular exercise because diet intake & insulin(Humulin) dosage are based on the metabolic needs of the individual
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| Diet, insulin, or exercise cannot be altered without creating an | insulin excess or deficiency
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| Diabetic coma (elevated BS/blood sugar) can result when a diabetic | 1.Fails to take enough insulin 2.Increases caloric intake(eating more then you should) 3.Decreases exercise
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| Signs & symptoms of diabetic coma(blood sugar to high) include: | 1.Deep labored breathing 2.Dry skin & mouth 3.Fruity smell to breath 4.Lethargy(mental sluggishness) 5.Loss of consciousness(LOC) and coma
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| Treatment(Tx) of diabetic coma includes: | administration of insulin and hydration
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| Insulin shock(deficient BS/blood sugar) results when a diabetic | 1.Administers too much insulin 2.Does not eat enough food 3.Exercises excessively
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| Signs & symptoms of insulin shock(BS to low) include: | 1.Shallow breathing 2.Diaphoresis(profuse sweating) 3.Syncope(fainting) 4.Loss of consciousness(LOC) and coma
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| Tx for insulin shock includes | administration of sugar in any form
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | *Follow prescribed diet exactly*Take prescribed insulin or hypoglycemics as directed*Monitor BS(blood sugar) every day *Follow daily exercise regiment*always wear feet protection to prevent injury from stubbing, fire ants, sand spurs, etc.
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| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions continued: | *Have a podiatrist take care of ANY foot needs IMMEDIATELY-clipping nails, corns,bunions,calluses,wounds to prevent accidental injury*Medical alert bracelet/ necklace worn always*Always check temp.of bathwater before stepping in bath to prevent scalding
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| Even a small wound to a diabetic's feet can result in uncontrolled infection due to poor wound healing & can eventually lead to putrefaction(gangrene)and | amputation of the extremity
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| Diabetics that have DIFFICULTY controlling their blood sugar(BS) are called | "brittle diabetics"
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| Other risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus(DM) include: | 1.Highly irregular menses 2.More than 40 days between cycles 3.A waist size <40 inches in men & >35 inches in women
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| Some studies indicate that type II diabetes mellitus(DM) can double the risk of | Alzheimer's disease(AD)
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| GTT stands for(diabetes test) | Glucose Tolerance Test
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| PPBS stands for(diabetes test) | PostPrandial (after meals) Blood Sugar(BS)
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| FBS(diabetes test) | Fasting Blood Sugar
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| Ale(HbAlc) provides(new diabetes test) | an average of your BS(blood sugar) control over a 6 to 12 week period
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| Fructosamine test(new diabetes tests) | measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks
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| PBI (thyroid function test) | Protein Bound Iodine
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| RAIU(thyroid function test) | RadioActive Iodine Uptake Test
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| HCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (serum and urine pregnancy test)
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