epidemiology
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| this cause of death refers to the original cause that resulted in a sequence of events that occurred leading up to death. | proximal
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| the event that preceded right before death | immediate
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| information obtained through observation. it should be careful, intentional and typically involves some form of measurement or evaluation of what is observed | data
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| fundamental epidemiologic measure describes this | the occurrence of an event of interest in a population
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| frequency measurement often includes this as an element | time
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| prevalence is the same thing as.. | proportion
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| rate is the same thing as proportion with this component added | time
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| in a 2x2 table, what does A stand for | number of people exposed who have the disease
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| in a 2x2 table, what does B stand for? | number of people exposed who do not have the disease
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| in a 2x2 table, what does C stand for? | number of people not exposed who do have the disease
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| in a 2x2 table, what does d stand for? | number of people not exposed without the disease
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| in this type of rate, it applies to an entire population, without regard to any specific characteristic | crude rate
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| in this type of rate, the population is divided into smaller homogeneous subgroups (ex: age specific mortality rate) | specific rate
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| these are crude rates that have een adjusted to account for (control for) the effects of some other variable (ex: age) to allow for a more valid comparison | adjusted (or standardized rates)
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| when comparing two or more populations, which is better, standardized rates, or crude rates? | standardized
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| measure of the presence of disease that exists in the population at a given time | prevalence
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| this measures the presence of disease in a population at a specific point in time | point prevalence
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| measures the presence of disease throughout a specific period of time | period prevalence
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| this is a measure of the occurrence of new cases of disease over a given time | incidence
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| when all individuals in the population are at risk for the outcome over the entire period of study | cumulative incidence
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| all individuals in the denominator of the rate fraction were not followed for the same length of time. the rate includes a time component referred to as "person years" | incidence density (it maximizes your ability to use all ht edata that you have)
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| how can prevalence increase within a peopulation? | when incidence increases
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| how can prevalence within a population decrease? | as death or cures occur
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| what is the equation for prevalence | incidencexduration
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| prevalence is influenced by these factors: | development of new cases, immigration and emigration (especially of cases), average duration of disease state
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| a special type of incidence rate in which the time period is specified implicitly rather than explicitly-typically related to an outbreak in which a proportion of the population is exposed and develops the outcome. | attack rate
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| a rate can be a good estimate of risk if the following three factors are true: | the outcome in the numberator occurs only once per individual during the study period, the proportion of the population affected by the outcome is small, the study time period is relatively short
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| the "ultimate" measure of the absence of health | mortality
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| annual mortality rate for all causes | crude mortality rate
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| mortality rate during a specific time period | specific mortality rate
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| the percentage of people with disease that die of the disease in given time | case fatality rate
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| this is a proportion, not a rate, and answers the question: "of all the deaths in a population, what proportion are caused by disease x? | proportionate mortality
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