Diseases of the Respiratory System chapter 8
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| Infections of the sinuses, nose or pharynx(throat) are called | URI (Upper Respiratory Infections) or URD (Upper Respiratory Disease
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| Upper Respiratory Infections (URI) or Upper Respiratory Diseases(URD) include: | 1.Coryza(common cold) 2.Sinusitis(inflammation of the sinuses) 3.Hay Fever 4.Tonsillitis(inflammation of the tonsils) 5.Influenza(flu)
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| Coryza is AKA | the common cold
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| Coryza (common cold) is caused by more than 200 different strains of | viruses that are highly contagious(communicable)
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| Signs & symptoms of coryza(common cold) include | 1.Nasal congestion 2.Copious rhinorrhea(large amount of nasal discharge) 3.Sneezing 4.Pyrexia(fever) in children 5.Pharyngitis(inflammation of the pharynx/throat) 6.Cough
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| Recovering from coryza(common cold) does not provide a | lasting immunity
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| Viscous(thick) yellow or green mucus secretion is a sign of a secondary bacterial infection such as: | Staph(staphylococci), Strep(streptococci), or pneumococci
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| Tx(treatment) for coryza(common cold) include: | 1.Antipyretics(Tylenol) 2.Decongestants(Sudafed) 3.Antitussives(Benylin DM/anti cough) 4.Increased fluid intake 5.Rest 6.Antibiotics (Amoxicillin-if there are signs & symptoms of a secondary infection)
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| Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses commonly caused by | viruses, bacteria, and allergens
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| Signs & symptoms of sinusitis include: | 1.Facial pain/pressure 2.Cephalalgia(head pain)
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| Tx(treatment) for sinusitis includes: | 1.Antihistamines(Claritin) 2.Decongestants(Alfrin) 3.Steam vaporizer
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| Common causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA) include: | 1.Deviated nasal septum(wall) 2.Nasal polyps 3.Lingual(tongue) and/or soft palate proplapse(drooping or sagging/go back)
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| OSA(Obstructive Sleep Apnea) causes | heavy, long, and loud snoring & snorting
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| OSA(Obstructive Sleep Apnea) is more common in | overweight males over age 40
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| Untreated OSA(Obstructive Sleep Apnea) increases the risk of: | 1.HTN(HyperTeNsion/high blood pressure) 2.CVA(Cerebral Vascular Accident) 3.DM(Diabetes Mellitus) 4.MI(Myocardial Infarction) 5.CHF(Congestive Heart Failure) 6.Cardia arrhythmias(dysrhythmias) 7.MDD(Major Depressive Disorder)
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| Tx(treatment for OSA(Obstructive Sleep Apnea) includes: | 1.C-PAP(Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) device 2.Surgical repair of obstructive structure
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| Hay Fever(Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis(SAR) is usually caused by allergies to | pollens, ragweed and grasses
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| Signs & symptoms of hay fever (SAR)(seasonal allergic rhinitis) include: | 1.Nasal congestion & sneezing 2.Rhinorrhea(nasal discharge)3.Cephalalgia(headache) 4.Erythematous(red) pruritic(itchy) watery eyes 5.Tinnitus(ringing in the ear) 6.Postnasal drip
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| Tx(treatment) for SAR(seasonal allergic rhinitis)/hay fever includes: | 1.Antihistamines(Zyrtec) 2.Decongestants(Drixoral) 3.Allergy desensitization(allergy shots)
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| Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils commonly caused by a | virus
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| Signs & symptoms of tonsillitis include: | 1.Enlarged & erythematous (red)tonsils 2.Dysphagia(painful or difficult swallowing) 3.Pyrexia(fever) 4.Pustules(pus filled papules) can develop on the tonsils
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| Tonsillitis & cervical lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)without rhinorrhea(nasal discharge) sneezing, or coughing indicates a | bacterial inffection (possibly strep-streptococci)
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| Treatment(Tx) for tonsillitis include: | 1.Gargling with salt water 2.Antipyretics(Tylenol) 3.Antibiotics(penicillin) for strep(streptococci)
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| Treatment(Tx) for chronic (persistent) tonsillitis includes | T&A (Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy)
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| Influenza(flu) is most commonly caused by the | type A & B virus
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| The flu season usually runs from | November through March
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| Signs & symptoms of infuenza(flu) include: | Chills .Pyrexia(fever) .Cough .Pharyngitis(inflammation of the pharynx(throat) .Sneezing & rhinorrhea(nasal discharge) .Thoracodynia(chest pain) .Myalgias(muscle pain) .Cephalalgia(headache) .Malaise(feeling of being unwell) .Vomiting & diarrhea
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| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting influenza(flu) include: | Frequent proper hand washing .Beware of fomites(objects,contaminated w/pathogens) .Refrain from touching eys, nose, mouth .Proper diet/exercise .Annual immunization(vaccination,inoculations)
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| Full immunization can take up to | 2 weeks
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| Influenza can range in severity from | mild to life threatening
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| Influenza is particularly serious in the | *Very Young *Elderly *Chronically ill
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| Complication associated with influenza(flu) is | pneumonia
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| Tx of influenza include | *Bed rest *Increase fluid intake *Antipyretics(Tylenol/motrin) *Decongestants(Sudafed) *Antihistamines(Benadryl) *Antivirals(Tamiflu Relenza/inhaled *Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for immunocompromised(weakened immune system)
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| Lower Respiratory Disease(LRD) include: | *Chronic bronchitis *Asthma *Emphysema *CF(Cystic Fibrosis) *Pneumonconiosis(abnormal condition dust in lung) *Pneumonia *Pleurisy(pleuritis) *TB(TuBerculosis) *Bronchogenic carcinoma
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| COPD (Cronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) consists of | *Chronic bronchitis *Asthma *Emphysema *CF(Cystic Fibrosis) *Pneumoconiosis(abnormal condition of dust in lungs)
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| Bronchitis is | inflammation of the bronchi
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| Bronchitis can be | acute(sudden onset) and/or chronic(persistant)
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| Bronchitis is commonly caused by respiratory irritants such as | 1.Air pollution(smoke & allergens) 2.Viruses 3.Bacteria
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| Signs & symptoms of bronchitis include | 1.Thoracodynia(chest pain) 2.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 3.Productive cough 4.Pyrexia(fever) 5.Chills
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| Bronchitis often follows an | URI (Upper Respiratory Infection)
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| Bronchitis is most serious in young children, the chronically ill, and the elderly because of the complication of | pneumonia
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| Tx of bronchitis includes | 1.Removal of irritants(smoking) 2.Antibiotics for bacterial infections 3.Nebulizers(vaporizers)
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| Asthma is characterized by | *constriction of the walls of the bronchi(main airway branches)& bronchioles(small bronchi)causing stenosis(narrowing)& spasms(involuntary muscle contractions)*Breathing, especially exhaling is difficult
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| In asthma the bronchial spasms(involuntary muscle contractions) and stenosis(narrowing)cause a characteristic BS(Breath Sound) called | rhonchi(wheezing)
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| Exacerbation(to make worse) of asthma has been linked to | .Respiratory Infection .Sudden weather Changes .Psychogenic factors(anxiety,poorly controlled stress) .Vigorous exercise(warmup/cool down before exercise) .Hypersensitivity to allergens
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| Hypersensitivity to allergens such as: | : *Dust*Molds*Pollen*Animal dander(dried skin/hair)*Certain fabrics*Cosmetics*Cigarette smoke*Aerosol sprays*Cologne*Various foods*NSAIDs(NonSteriodal Anti-inflammatory drugs)*Caffeine(coffee,tea,chocolate,soda)
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| There is no cure for asthma but attacks may become less severe with | age
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| Asthma incidence has also been associated with | ultra clean childhood environment*sedentary lifestyle & obesity(Parade)
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| The risk of asthma decreases if a child is | breastfed
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| Tx for asthma includes: | 1.Avoidance of allergens 2.Allergy desensitization(allergy shots) 3.Corticosteroids(SAIDs-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs) 4.Bronchodilators(albuterol) 5.Asmanex 6.Symbicort 7.Singulair
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| Asthma is typically triggered by | allergies
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| Asthma can be monitored by measuring the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with a | PFM(Peak Flow Meter)
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| Emphysema is characterized by a | progressive irreversible loss of elasticity of the aveoli(microscopic air sacs that respirate)
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| The most severe form of asthma is | status asthmaticus
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| Emphysema is commonly associated with | heavy cigarette smoking
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| Status asthmaticus may end in | respiratory failure or death if not treated immediately
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| Signs & symptoms of emphysema include: | *Use of accessory muscles for normal ventilation *dypnea especially exhaling*DOE(dypnea on exertion)*Easily fatigued/tired *Rales/crackling sounds heard during ausculation*tachypnea(fast breathing)*Cyanosis(blue color)*WT(weight)Loss*Barrel chest(round)
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| A common bronchodilator used to treat sttus asthmaticus is | adrenalin(epinephrine)
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| Emphysema causes the heart to overwork causing | cardiomegaly(enlarged heart) and CHF(congestive Heart Failure/weak pump)
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| Emphysema is characterized by a | progressive irreversible loss of elasticity of the aveoli(microscopic air sacs that respirate)
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| Diagnosis(Dx) of emphysema is confirmed with | patient hx(history)*chest CT(computerized Tomography)*ABGs(Arterial Blood Gases/O2&CO2)*spirometry(process of measuring ventilation)
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| Emphysema is commonly associated with | heavy cigarette smoking
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| Tx for emphysema includes | *Removal of respiratory irritants *Bronchodilator medications(Aminophylline) *Mucolytics(Mucomyst) *Spiriva *O2(oxygen) therapy *NPPV(Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation)
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| Signs & symptoms of emphysema include: | *Use of accessory muscles for normal ventilation *dypnea especially exhaling*DOE(dypnea on exertion)*Easily fatigued/tired *Rales/crackling sounds heard during ausculation*tachypnea(fast breathing)*Cyanosis(blue color)*WT(weight)Loss*Barrel chest(round)
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| A complication of emphysema is trapped air in the pleural cavities causing a | pneumothorax(air in chest)
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| Emphysema causes the heart to overwork causing | cardiomegaly(enlarged heart) and CHF(congestive Heart Failure/weak pump)
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| The increased air in the pleural cavities puts pressure on the lungs and can cause a collapse called | atelectasis(collapsed lung)
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| Diagnosis(Dx) of emphysema is confirmed with | patient hx(history)*chest CT(computerized Tomography)*ABGs(Arterial Blood Gases/O2&CO2)*spirometry(process of measuring ventilation)
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| An atelectasis(collapsed lung) can also be caused by | 1.Hemothorax(blood in the chest 2.Pyothorax(pus in the chest) 3.Hydothorax(fluid in the chest) 4.Spontaneous(without cause)
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| Tx for emphysema includes | *Removal of respiratory irritants *Bronchodilator medications(Aminophylline) *Mucolytics(Mucomyst) *Spiriva *O2(oxygen) therapy *NPPV(Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation)
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| Signs & symptoms of atelectasis(collapsed lung) include | 1.Acute thoracodynia(sudden chest pain) 2.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 3.Tachypnea(fast breathing)
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| A complication of emphysema is trapped air in the pleural cavities causing a | pneumothorax(air in chest)
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| The increased air in the pleural cavities puts pressure on the lungs and can cause a collapse called | atelectasis(collapsed lung)
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| An atelectasis(collapsed lung) can also be caused by | 1.Hemothorax(blood in the chest 2.Pyothorax(pus in the chest) 3.Hydothorax(fluid in the chest) 4.Spontaneous(without cause)
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| Signs & symptoms of atelectasis(collapsed lung) include | 1.Acute thoracodynia(sudden chest pain) 2.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 3.Tachypnea(fast breathing)
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| A chest tube will | aspirate(evacute) the air in a pleural cavity & let the affected lung reinflate
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| A common chest tube suction apparatus is called | Pleur-evac
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| Tx of atelectasis(collapsed lung) includes: | insertion of a chest tube(pleurocentesis- surgical puncture of the pleural space)
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| Cystic Fibrosis(CF) is a hereditary disease affecting the lungs & pancrease of | young children & young adults
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| The most serious manifestation of CF(Cystic Fibrosis) is | copious(large) amounts of viscous(thick) mucus secretions in the lungs causing chronic airway obstructions
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| Signs & symptoms CF (Cystic Fibrosis) include | 1.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 2.Rhonchi(Wheezing) 3.Persistent cough 4.Viscous(thick) sputum (mucus expectorated from the lungs)
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| Complications of CF(Cystic Fibrosis) include | chronic respiratory infections & atelectasis(collapsed lung(s))
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| Tx of CF(Cystic Fibrosis) includes | 1.Antibiotics for bacterial infections 2.Mucolytics(Mucomyst) 3.Diligent "Pulmonary toilet" techniques
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| Pulmonary toilet refers to: | a.Deep breathing & forceful coughing b.CPT(Chest Physio Therapy) c.Postural drainage(head lower than feet)
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| Chest PhysioTherapy(CPT) is AKA | percussion(clapping) & vibration(shaking)
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| Cystic Fibrosis(CT) also causes obstruction of pancreatic ducts that prevents secretion of pancreatic enzymes causing | malnutrition
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| Pancreatic enzyme deficiency requires | pancreatic enzyme replacment therapy
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| An acute inflammation of a lung(s) with an accumulation of inflammatory exudate(fluid/edema) is | pneumonia
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| Pneumonia can be caused by variety of | micro-organisms
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| The inflammatory exudate(fluid/edema) can be referred to as | consolidation
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| Signs & symptoms of pneumonia include: | 1.Thoracodynia(chest pain) 2.Pyrexia(fever) and chills 3.Productive cough 4.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 5.Fatigue(tired)
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| The different types of pneumonia include | 1.Lobar pneumonia (inflammation of a section or lobe of a lung) 2.Bronchopneumonia (diffuse/ spread out inflammation) 3.Primary atypical pneumonia(walking pneumonia)(may not require medical attention) 4.Secondary pneumonia
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| Tx for lobar pneumonia(inflammation of a section or lobe of a lung) includes | antibiotics & pulmonary toilet
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| Tx of bronchopneumonia(diffuse/spread out pneumonia) includes | antibiotics & pulmonary toilet
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| Diagnosis(Dx) of pneumonia is confirmed with a | CXR(chest X-ray) & sputum C&S(Culture & Sensitivity)
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| Secondary pneumonia develops as a secondary disorder from other diseases that | weaken the immune system
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| Pneumonia is more common in | AIDS(Aquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome), DM(Diabetes Mellitus, cancer, cirrhosis, alcoholics, elderly, children & postoperative patients
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| The return of the lung(s) to a normal condition(after pneumonia) is called | resolution
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| Pleurisy is an | inflammation of the pleural membranes
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| Pleurisy can be a complication of | any lung disease
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| The primary symptom of pleurisy is a | Sharp stabbing thoracodynia(chest pain) on inspiration & when coughing
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| Tx of pleurisy includes: | 1.Antibiotics 2.Analgesics(vicodin) 3.Bedrest
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| Tuberculosis(TB) is a bacterial lung infection characterized by | necrosis(death) of lung tissue
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| Untreated TuBerculosis(TB) can spread to the | kidneys, brain, or bone
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| TB(TuBerculosis) is transmitted by | respiratory(breathing) droplets
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| Signs & symptoms of TuBerculosis(TB) include | 1.SOB(shortness of breath 2.Nocturnal diaphoresis(night sweats(profuse)) 3.WT(WeighT) loss 4.Fatique(tired) 5.Productive cough 6.Thoracodynia(chest pain) 7.Hemoptysis(expectorating blood) in advanced stage
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| In the early stages TB(TuBerculosis) can be | asymptomatic(no symptoms)
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| Exposure to TuBerculosis(TB) can be detected by an intradermal skin test called a | PPD or tine or Mantoux
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| The diagnosis(Dx) of TuBerculosis(TB) is verified by | CXR(Chest X-Ray) and sputum CX(Culture)
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| The Chest X-Ray(CRX) will show the standard TB(TuBerculosis) lesion called a | TuBercle
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| TuBerculosis(TB) is a very serious concern for those who are | immunocompromised (weakened immune system) such as AIDS(Aquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) patients, homeless & infected immigrants
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| Tx for TB(TuBerculosis) includes | antituberculine antibiotics (INH or rifampin) Q.D.(everyday) for 4-9 months
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| MDRTB stands for | MultiDrug Resistant TuBerculosis(TB)
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| Bronchogenic Carcinoma(BC) arises in the bronchial tree and is commonly associated with | cigarette smoking
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| BC(Bronchogenic Carcinoma) occurs more often in | men
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| BC(Bronchogenic Carcinoma) is the | most common type of lung cancer
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| Signs & symptoms of BC(Bronchogenic Carcinoma) include | 1.Persistent cough often called a smokers cough or smokers hack 2.Dyspnea(difficult breathing) 3.Hemoptysis(expectorating blood)4.Anorexia(no appetite) 5.WT(weight)loss 6.General Weakness
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| Diagnosis(Dx) for Bronchogenic Carcinoma(BC) is verified with | brochoscopy(lighted instrument to view the bronchi) and biopsy(Bx)(washing/exfoliation)
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| Tx for Bronchogenic Carcinoma(BC) includes | 1.Surgery(lobectomy,pneumonectomy-lung removal) 2.Radiation 3.Chemotherapy(antineoplasmic drugs)
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| The prognosis(Px) for Bronchogenic Carcinoma(BC) is | poor
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| The lungs are also common secondary sites for metastases from other systems such as | breast,GI tract, female reproductive system, & kidneys
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| Lung cancer Kills | 93,000 Americans each year
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| SIDS stands for | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and is AKA "crib death"
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the major cause of death between ages | 1 month & 1 year
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| SIDS(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is | Idiopathic(unknown disease)
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS) occurs in all | social, economic, racial & ethnic groups
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS) occurs more often in | males
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS) risk increases in | *Premature babies*Low Birth Weight(WT)babies *Multiple deliveries(twins)Infants born to teenagers*Smoking(2 hand smoke)during pregnancy *Poor prenatal care*STDs(sexually transmitted diseases)during pregnancy*UTIs(Urinary Tract Infections) during pregnancy
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| SIDS(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome may be related to decreased | serotonin levels in the brain
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| The incidence of SIDS(sudden Infant Death Syndrome) can be reduced by 40% if infants are put down lying on their | backs instead of their abdomen
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| The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) can be reduced by 72% when infants slept in a room where a | fan was on (Parade)
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| High risk neonates are commonly prescribed | apnea(no breathing) monitors
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