OB-GYN Terms and more
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| adnexa | appendages or accessory structures of an organ
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| the four bones of the pelvis that make up the lower part of the trunk of the body; serves to support the upper body and protect the pelvic organs | bony pelvis
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| intrauterine position of a fetus in which the buttocks or feet present first | breech
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| cesarean section | a surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised to deliver a baby
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| a small mass of yellow-colored tissue that develops on the ovary and that grows within the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation; responsible for secreting progesterone to maintain the high level of vascular supply to the uterine endometrium for the p | corpus luteum
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| cephalopelvic disproportion an obstetric complication in which the pelvis/birth canal is too small for a vaginal delivery or the baby's head is too large to pass through the birth canal | CPD
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| curettage | removal of tissue with a blunt or sharp curette by scraping the surface; performed to remove abnormal tissue, to obtain tissue for examination and diagnostic purposes, or to remove tissue from infected areas
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| DUB | dysfunctional uterine bleeding
abnormal uterine bleeding that is not due to a tumor, pregnancy, or infection, and occurs when menstruation is not taking place
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| dystocia | difficult labor due to various reasons, such as cephalopelvic disproportion, fetus size, or condition or position of fetus
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| the surgical incision of perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening and prevent tearing of the perineum and muscles during delivery | episiotomy
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| exenteration | refers to the total removal of; usually used in reference to the surgical procedure of total pelvic exenteration, which involves the removal of the vagina, uterus and cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for surgical treatment of cancer
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| finger-like structures that form on an edge, such as the fimbria of the fallopian tubes | fimbria
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| abnormal communication between two normally separate internal structures, or an abnormal communication between an internal structure and the body surface | fistula
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| gravida | refers to the pregnant female; the first pregnancy is referred to as gravida I; additional pregnancies are numbered sequentially
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| loop electrosurgical excision surgical procedure that uses the electrosurgical unit coupled to a loop electrode on the cautery pencil; used to excise a cone of tissue to remove an area of neoplasia | LEEP
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| ligament | a band of fibrous tissue composed of collagen that connects bone to bone
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| incision of a closed cavity with the suturing of the open edges to the wall of the wound to form an open wound that will heal by second intention | marsupialization
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| a benign fibroid tumor of the uterus | myoma
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| occiput anterior | the most common relationship between the presenting fetal part and the maternal body pelvis
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| parity (para) | the classification used to indicate the number of live and stillborn births that a female has delivered at more than 20 weeks of gestation
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| perineum | the area between the posterior portion of the vagina or scrotum and the opening to the anus
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| surgical transverse incision made in the lower abdomen; usually employed when performing a c-section | Pfannenstiel
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| an opening that serves as the entrance to a passageway, such as the vestibule of the vagina | vestibule
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| what is the fornix | the annular recess created by the cervical-vaginal junction
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| describe the locations of the internal and external cervical os | the internal os is the aperture of the junction between the corpus uteri and the cervix
the external os is where the cervix opens into the vagina
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| list the 3 layers of the uterine wall | endometrium
myometrium
visceral peritoneum
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| where are the Bartholin's glands located and what is their function | located bilaterally at the posterior end of the vestibule
they secrete a lubricating mucoid substance
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| list the structures contained within the broad ligament | fallopian tube, round ligament, ovarian ligament, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
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| what are the other two names for fallopian tubes | uterine tubes
oviducts
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| describe the location of the ovaries | either side of the uterus in the ovarian fossa of the lateral pelvis wall
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| name the two hormones from the anterior pituitary that stimulate the ovarian cycle | luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| name the two hormones that are produced by the ovary | estrogen
progesterone
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| what is the main muscle of the pelvic floor | levator ani muscle
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| what are the 3 components of the levator ani muscle | iliococcygeal
pubococcygeal
puborectalis
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| branches of which nerve and artery provide sensation and blood flow to the perineum and external genitalia | clitoral, perineal, and inferior hemorrhoidal branches of the pudendal artery and nerve
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| what structure is rounded prominent longitudinal flaps | labia majora
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| what structure is the area between the vaginal opening and anus | perineum
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| what structure is the external female genitalia | vulva
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| what structure is the cavity between the labia minora containing the urethral meatus | vestibule
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| what structure secretes lubrication | Bartholin's glands
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| what structure is a rounded prominence over symphysis pubis | mons pubis
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| what structure is the erectile structure of the female anatomy | clitoris
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| what structure is two flat cutaneous flaps containing sebaceous glands | labia minora
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| what structure is the rectal orifice | anus
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| what structure is a thin fold of membrane just inside the vaginal orifice | hymen
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| T/F: the uterus is pear-shaped with a fundus, body, and cervix | True
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| T/F: the ligaments connecting to the pelvic wall include the cardinal, ovarian, and broad | False
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| T/F: the posterior vaginal wall is longer than the anterior vaginal wall | True
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| T/F: the normal cervix lies anterior to the fundus of the uterus | False
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| T/F: the junction between the cervix and vagina is called the cul de sac of Douglas | False
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| T/F: the Graafian follicle releases the oocyte | True
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| T/F: the corpus luteum is responsible for releasing estrogen to maintain endometrial lining | False
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| T/F: the pituitary gland releases LH and FSH to stimulate the development of an oocyte or ovum | True
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| T/F: blood flow is supplied to the uterus via branches of the internal iliac artery | True
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| T/F: the isthmus of the fallopian tube is important in the prevention of endometriosis | True
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| are Braxton-Hicks contractions an indication that delivery of the fetus is imminent | No---False Labor
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| what is used for the prevention of perineal lacerations | episiotomy
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| what is the term for when the fetus' head is too large for maternal birth canal | CPD
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| what is the term for the mother and infant relationship | bonding
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| what is the term for the largest diameter of head encircled by vulvular ring | crowning
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| what is the term for the number of times giving birth | para
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| what is the term for the descent of presenting part of fetus in relation to ischial spines | station
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| what is the term for the opening of the cervix | dilation
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| what is the term for fetal part overlying pelvic inlet | presentation
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| what is the term for when the cervis softens and thins | effacement
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| what is the term for the number of pregnancies | gravida
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| what is stage one of a vaginal delivery | begins with the onset of true labor and is considered complete when the cervix is fully dilated
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| what is stage two of vaginal delivery | begins with complete dilation of the cervix and terminates with the birth of the infant
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| what is stage three of a vaginal delivery | begins with the birth of the infant and ends when the placenta is delivered
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| what is stage four of a vaginal delivery | begins after placenta is delivered and is completed when the mothers condition has stabilized
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| what surgical intervention is commonly done during a normal vaginal delivery and what type of suture is used | episiotomy
absorbable--chromic or vicryl
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| cord blood is collected routinely with every delivery--why | to check cord gases (placenta also sent)
collect stem cells
determine infant blood type
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| what does fetal distress mean | sustained low heart rate
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| what is the most common reason for performing a cesarean section | cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
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| what is a cystocele | prolapse of the bladder into the vaginal vault
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| what are two reasons a cystocele may occur | congenital defect
multipara (multiple deliveries)
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| what procedure is commonly performed with a colposcopy--what condition can be diagnosed | biopsy, cervical cancer
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| list the possible sites for ectopic pregnancy | fallopian tube, peritoneal cavity, ovary, cervix
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| what is meant by the term incompetent cervix | the cervix is weakened and begins to dilate before the full-term of the pregnancy
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| what procedure is performed to treat an incompetent cervix during pregnancy | cervical cerclage
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| define leiomyoma | benign lesions of the uterus
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| what are the symptoms of endometriosis | dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
dyspareunia (difficult or painful sex)
dyschezia (constipation)
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| is ultrasound useful in diagnosing a malignancy | yes
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| what is the most common symptom of uterine cancer | abnormal vaginal bleeding
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| what are two placental conditions that may necessitate a cesarean section | placenta previa
placental abruption
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| what is placenta previa | when the placenta partially or totally covers the cervix
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| what is placental abruption | when the placenta peels away, partially or totally, from the inner wall of the uterus
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| amenorrhea is the condition of | absence of menstruation
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| what is a pedunculated lesion | a small wound connected to the underlying tissue by a small stalk
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| in what position will the patient be placed to accomplish a D&C---in addition to the basic position, which position may be used to enhance the surgeon's view of the anatomy | lithotomy, trendelenburg
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| explain the usefulness of the trendelenburg postion during pelvic surgery | moves abdominal organs out of the way to enhance visualization
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| describe the complications that the patient may experience from an undiagnosed or improperly closed perineal laceration | postpartum hemorrhage, sepsis, fistulas, coital pain
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| name two types of suction devices that may be used to clear a neonate's airway | baby bulb syringe, DeLee suction
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| what are the advantages of a "classic" approach for a cesarean section | more room for delivery (fetal size or position problems)
to deliver extremely premature baby
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| name the three approaches that are available for tubal sterilization | vaginal colpotomy
abdominal minilaparotomy
laparoscopy
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| what solution stains abnormal tissue white | acetic acid
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| what medication is used for the prevention of adhesions | 10% Dextran 70
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| what solution is used for the Schiller test where abnormal tissue isn't stained | Lugol's solution
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| what medication causes uterine contractions | methergine/Pitocin
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| what solution is a hemostasis agent | Monsel's solution
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| what is used for cryotherapy to remove a lesion | Nitrous oxide or CO2
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| what is used to manipulate the vaginal mucosa during the anterior colporrhaphy | Allis-Adair
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| what are the advantages of the LAVH approach | better visualization of internal structures
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| why is a Foley catheter placed prior to a cesarean section | to prevent bladder distension and possible injury
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| list the structures that will be removed during a total pelvic exenteration | vagina, uterus and cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, bladder, rectum
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| what safety measures must be implemented when a laser is in use | wearing laser safety goggles
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| list the drape components that are necessary to drape a patient in the lithotomy position (in order) | buttocks drape,leggings, towels, lithotomy drape
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| what structure/s are removed during a TAH | uterus and cervix
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| list three transverse incisions used for gynecological surgery | Pfannenstiel, Maylard, Cherney
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| what procedure is done for microsurgical reanastomosis with dextran | tuboplasty
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| what procedure is done for the excision of fibroids to preserve uterus for conception | myomectomy
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| what procedure is done to repair a rectocele | posterior colporrhaphy
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| what procedure is done to treat a Bartholin's cyst | marsupialization
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| what procedure is done to treat incomplete spontaneous abortion or menorrhagia | D&C(dilation and curettage)
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| what procedure is performed for someone who desires sterilization | colpotomy tubal ligation
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| what procedure is done for endometrial visualization | hysteroscopy
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| what procedure is done for external genitalia with in situ neoplasia | vulvectomy
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| what procedure is done for incompetent cervical os | Shirodkar cerclage
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| what procedure is done for endocervical suspicious lesions or dysplasia | cold conization
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| what procedure is done to repair a cystocele | anterior colporrhaphy
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| what procedure is done for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy | emergency salpingotomy
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| what is the false pelvis | region between the flared portions of the ilium bones
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| what is the true pelvis | region below the pelvic brim
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| what makes up the bony pelvis or pelvic girdle | iliac crest
pubic bone
ischium
sacrum
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| another name for external female genitalia is | vulva
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| what is the mons pubis | adipose tissue on pubic bone
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| what is another name for Bartholin's glands | vestibular glands
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| where and what is the fourchette | inferior portion or boundary of vagina
transverse fold of mucous membrane
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| what pH is the normal flora of the vagina | acidic
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| blood supply for the vagina comes from | branches of the internal iliac arteries
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| blood supply for uterus | uterine arteries derived from internal iliac arteries
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| nerves for uterus | ovarian and hypogastric plexuses
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| what are the four ligaments of the uterus | cardinal, uterosacral, broad, round
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| where do the cardinal (transverse cervical) ligaments connect | cervix and lateral parts of fornix to lateral walls of pelvis
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| where do the uterosacral ligaments connect | superiorly and slightly posteriorly from the sides of the cervix to the middle of the sacrum
separated by straight tag
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| where to the round ligaments connect | lateral aspect of the uterus, passing anteriorly through the broad ligament, inserting into the labia majora
separated with curved tag
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| where do the broad ligaments connect | sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis
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| where do the fallopian tubes open | uterine os (cornu) and abdominal os (fimbria)
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| what is the function of the ovaries | production and expulsion of oocytes/ova/eggs
release of the hormones estrogen and progesterone
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| what ligament connects the ovary and uterus | suspensory (ovarian) ligament
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| what are oxytocics used for and what are examples | hemostasis, uterine contractions
pitocin and cinatocin
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| what is Lugol's solution used for | identifying abnormal tissue
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| when Lugol's solution is used what is it called and what do the results mean | Schiller's test
tissue stained brown is normal
tissue with no stain is abnormal
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| acetic acid is used for and the results mean | remove mucous on the cervix during colposcopy
stains lesions white
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| what are Hyskon, Dextrose, and Dextran used for | hysteroscopic exams
visualizations, prevents adhesions in abdomen
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| what are 3 other drugs used for hemostasis in OB/GYN | hemabate, ergotrate, methergine
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| what does hemabate do | makes uterus contract and cervix dilate
used for non-viable pregnancies
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| what does ergotrate and methergine do | control hemorrhage by uterine muscle contraction
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| what is Monsel's solution |
ferrous sulfate
put on cervix to help with hemostasis
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| what are methylene blue and indigo carmine used for | to check patency of fallopian tubes
if tubes are patent, blue comes out of fimbria
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| how do you prevent adhesion formation (which can affect getting pregnant) | remove powder from gloves
copious intraop irrigation
gentle tissue handling
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| meconium is | first intestinal discharges of a newborn
DeLee suction apparatus used
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| what is a cervical/Shirodkar's/McDonald's cerclage | close an incompetent cervix to prevent sponatneous abortion
5 Mersilene pursestring stitch
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| what is the Papanicolaou (Pap) test | swab to rule out cervical dysplasia (abnormal changes in tissue covering cervix)
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| what is a colposcopy | visualization of cervix and vagina
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| what is hysteroscopy | visualization of internal uterus to check for adhesions, polyps, tumors, fibroids
need irrigation to prevent adhesions
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| what is a cervical biopsy | evaluating abnormal cervical tissue after positive pap smear
use Lugol's solution
cold steel = #11
hot steel = connected to ESU
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| what does EUA stand for | exam under anesthesia
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| what is endometrial ablation | destruction of endometrial tissue because of abnormal/excessive bleeding
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| what is TAH | total abdominal hysterectomy--removal of uterus and cervix
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| what is myomectomy | excision of uterine fibroids
complication--adhesion formation
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| what is uterine radiation seeding | radiation therapy for endometrial cancer
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| what is oophorectomy | removal of ovaries
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| what is salpingectomy | removal of fallopian tubes
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| what is tuboplasty | reconstruction of fallopian tube to restore patency
anastomosis of tubes
open procedure
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| what is a labioplasty | reduce size of labia
sexual enhancement, trauma
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| what is vulvectomy | removal of external female genitalia (clitoris, mons pubis, labia majora/minora) to treat cancer
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| what is ablation of condyloma | obliteration of vaginal warts
not a sterile procedure
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| what is marsupialization of Bartholin's glands (cystectomy) | conversion of a closed cavity to create an open pouch...open obstructed duct I&D, culture
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| what is wertheim procedure | radical hysterectomy
pelvic lymph nodes, wide removal of uterus, tubes, ovaries, ligaments, upper vagina removed
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| Braxton-Hicks | "false" labor; normal contractions not associated with progressive cervical dilation
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| "bloody show" | a term used to describe a small amount of blood-tinged mucus flowing from the vagina; may herald the onset of labor
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| extension rotation | rotation of the fetal head back to its original position as the head passes over the perineum
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| flexion | a change in the relative position of the cervical spine bring the fetal head toward the chest
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| number one reason for cesarean section | failure to progress
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| what does menorrhagia mean | excessive bleeding during menses
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| what does metrorrhagia mean | active uterine bleeding at times other than menses
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