BIO202 - Ch 23 - Digestive System - Stomach - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| deciduous teeth | milk or baby teeth
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| The outer surface of the tooth root is covered by __. | cementum - calcified CT
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| What anchors tooth in bony alveolus of jaw? | Peridontal ligament
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| Bonelike material underlying enamel cap & makes up bulk of tooth. | Dentin
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| Dental caries | cavities
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| Calculus | tartar
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| Histology of pharyngeal wall | Stratified squamous w/mucus-producing glands
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| There are 2 __ layers in pharyngeal wall. | skeletal muscle
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| How long is esophagus? | 25 cm (10 inches) long
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| How does epithelium change abruptly at esophagus-stomach junction. | Esophageal mucosa change from nonkeratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelum which is specialized for secretion.
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| Submucosa's esophageal glands secrete? | Mucus to grease the esophageal walls to aid food passage.
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| The outermost layer of esophagus. | Adventitia (Fibrous CT)
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| Name 2 digestive system structures whose only role is food propulsion. | Pharynx & esophagus
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| deglutition | Swallowing - involves 22 separate muscle groups - buccal phase & pharyngeal-esophageal phase.
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| Which phase of deglutition is voluntary? | buccal phase
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| The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deflutition is controlled by __. | Swallowing center in brainstem - medulla & lower pons - transmitted through vagus nerves.
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| What structural modification of stomach tunic allows mechanical digestion? | Muscularis externa has 3rd layer of smooth muscle to churn food - runs obliquely.
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| Size of adult stomach | 15-25 cm (6-10 inches) 50 ml empty - 1 gallon full
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| What part of stomach is continuous with duodenum. | Pylerus
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| Lining of stomach | Simple columnar epithelium w/goblet cells that produce alkaline mucus - makes a bicarbonate-rich fluid layer.
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| Mucous neck cells of stomach | Produce thin mucus - acidic
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| Parietal cells of stomach | Secrete HCl & intrinsic factor - have microvilli
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| Intrinsic factor is? | Glycoprotein for B12 absorption in small intestine, but produced in stomach.
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| Ph of stomach | 1.5 - 3.5
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| Chief cells of stomach | Produce pepsinogen (inactive) - activated by HCl & becomes pepsin - positive feedback process.
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| Enteroendocrine cells of stomach | Release chemical messengers - histamine, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin
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| What barrier protects stomach from self-digestion? | Gel-like mucosal barrier - (1) bicarbonate-rich mucus, (2) tight junctions, (3) stem cells that divide & replace quickly.
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| gastritis | inflammation of stomach wall due to anything that breaches mucosal barrier
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| Name some H2-receptor blocker drugs | Tagmet & Zantac
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| Vagus nerve does what what with stomach. | Stimulates secretory activity of virtually all of its glands.
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| Which hormone controls gastric secretion? | Gastrin - enzymes, HCL
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| 3 phases of gastric secretion | Cephalic (reflex), gastric, & intestinal - all may be occuring at same time.
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| Cephalic reflex (Phase 1) | Conditioned reflex - occurs before food enters stomach - triggered by senses, prepares stomach - suppressed when emotinally depressed.
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| Gastric Phase (Phase 2) | In stomach - 3-4 hours long - distension & gastrin are stimulus.
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| G cells | Gastrin - secreting enteroendocrine cells.
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| Highly acidic gastric contents __ gastrin secretion. | Inhibit
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| Protein __ pH in stomach | raises - stimulates gastrin & HCl release
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| HCl secretion is stimulated by which 3 chemicals? | ACh, gastrin, & histamine (by enterochromaffin-like cells) - all 3 combined causes HCl to pour forth.
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| Blood draining from stomach is more __ than blood serving it. | alkaline - phenomenon called alkaline tide.
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| Intestinal Phase (3) | 2 components - excitatory & inhibitory - excitatory - gastric gland in duodendum produce intestinal gastrin: inhibitory - enterogastric reflex that puts on "breaks" to protect small intestine from acidity.
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| Enterogastric reflex | release is inhibited.
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| Plasticity | Smooth muscle's ability to stretch without greatly increasing tension & contracts expulsively.
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| What sets rate of stomach's peristalic waves? | Pacemaker cells in longitudinal small muscle layers called interstitial cells of Cajal - don't initiate beat, neural does.
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| Basic electrical rhythm (BER) | Cyclic slow waves of stomach due to pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal.
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| Stomach usually empties completely within __ hours. | 4
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| emesis | vomiting
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| Where is emetic center located? | Controls vomiting - in medulla
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