| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Micro pg33-41 | (blank) |
| q. Special stains such as capsule stains are an example of a negative stain which allows capsule to stand out around organism but Endospore stain use heat to facilitate staining and Flogella stain increase diameter of flagella which _______________? | a. makes the flagella more visible. |
| q.Morhpology of Prokaryotic Cells , Prokaryotes exhibit a variety of shapes most common of which are coccus= | a. Shperical |
| Bacilus= | Rod or cylinder shaped |
| Coccobacillus= | short round rod |
| Vibrio= | Curved rod |
| Spirillum= | Spiral shape |
| Spirochete | Helical shaped |
| Pleomorphic= | Bacteria able to vary shape. |
| Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells, Divisions along a single plane may result in pairs or chains of cells such as Pairs= | diplococci |
| Streptococci= | chains |
| Divisions along two or three perpendicular planes form cubical packets but divisions along several random planes form ? | Clusters |
| Some bacterial live in groups with other bacterial cells which form multicellular associations, these organisms form a swarm of cells which _____________________ and _____________________________. | a. Allows for the release of enzymes which degrade organic material and In the absence of water cells for fruiting bodies. |
| Other organisms form biofilms= | Formation allows for changes in cullular activity. |
| the order from outside in goes glycocalyx, cellwall, cytoplasmic membrane. | yes it does. |
| What is a delicate thin fluid structure, surrounds cytoplasm of cell, defines boundary, and serves as a semi permeable barrier between cell and wxternal environment? | Cytoplasmic membrane. |
| Protiens function as receptors and transport gates , provide mechanism to sense surroundings, and are constantly changing position in the cytoplasmic membrane what is this called? | Fluid mosaic model |
| The membrane is also the site of energy production through a series of embedded proteins.exp are Electron transport chain and ________________________. | the proteins are used in the formation of proton motive force, Energy produced in proton motive force is sued to drive other transport mechanisms. |
| Facilitated diffusion , Active transport, and Group translocation utilize transporter proteins such as____________________ or _______________________. | permeases or carriers. most proteins are produced in response to need. |
| Movement of glycerol into the cell is an example of facilitated diffusion which requires no energy but remember the system can only eliminate a gradient it can not___________________ | creat one |
| In facilitated diffusion the protein allows molecules or ions to enter or leave the cell moving _______________ the concentration gradient. | Down |
| Active transport moves compounds _______________a concentration gradient | against |
| What are the two primary mechanisms of active transport? | a. Proton motive force and ATP Bindinc Cassette System. |
| Efflux pumps used in antimicrobial resistance are an example of ______________________ | Proton motive force |
| Proton motive force transporters allow protons into cell either____________________ or ______________________. | a. bringing in or expeling other substances |
| Maltose transport is an example of what? | a. ATP Binding Cassett system |
| What used binding proteins to scavenge and deliver molecules to transport complex? | a. ABC transport( ATP binding cassett system) |
| q. What mechanism chemically alters molecules during passage? | a. Group transport. |
| q. does the uptake of molecules alter concentration gradient in a Phosphotransferase system? | a. No Group transport does not alter the gradient. |
| q. Phosphorolation changes molecule and therefore does not change sugar balance across the membrane in which group transport? | a. Phosphotransferase system. |
| q. What determins the shape of the bacteria? | a. cell wall |
| q. what does the unique chemical structure of the cell wall distinguish? | a. Gram positive from Gram negative. |
| q. What is the rigidity of the cell wall due to ? | a. peptidoglycan (PTG) which is a compound found only in bacteria. |
| q. Altering series of two subunits N-acetylglucosamin(NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) are the basic structure of what? | peptidoglycan |
| q. joined subunits form ? | a. glycan chain |
| q. WHat is a glycan chain held together by string of four amino acids called? | a. Tetrapeptide chain |
| Our bodies identify peptidoglycan as a foreign substance and develops what? | antegens to it. |
| The interior of a bacteria is ______________. | negatively charged. |
| How many layers of PTG does a Gram positive cell wall have? | a. as many as 30 layers. |
| q. What does the Teichoic acid component of PTG do? | a. it gives the cell a negative charge. |
| q. how many layers of PTG does the Gram negative cell wall have ? | a. about three. |
| q. what are the PTG sandwiched between? | a. outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane |
| q. What is the region between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane called? | a. periplasm |
| q. where are most secreted proteins and proteins of the ABC transport system located ? | a. Periplasm |
| q.Outer Membrane is composed of what? | a. a lipid bilayer made of Lipopolysaccharides, |
| q. What are other names for the outer membrane? | a. LPS layer or lipopolysaccharide layer. |
| q. What serves as a barrier to a large number of molecules? | a. LPS |
| q. Small molecules or ions pass through channels called ? | a. porins |
| q. Which portions of the LPS are medically significant? | a. O-specific polysaccharide side chain and Lipid A |
| q. What way is O-specific polysaccharide side chain directed? | a. away from membrane, opposite location of Lipid A. |
| q. What is O-specific polysaccharide side chain used to identify? | a. certain species or strains. |
| q. What portion anchors LPS molecule in lipid bilayer? | a. Lipid A |
| q. what plays a role in recognition of infection such as a Gram negative ingection of the blood stream? | a. Lipid A |
