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MICRO FINAL
Test 1 Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which microscopy has an opaque disk in it? | Darkfield |
| Which lets you see a combo of brightfield and darkfield? | Phase contrast |
| Which lets you see surface structs? Which lets you see intracellular stuff? | Surface = scanning Intracellular = Tranmission |
| Which posseses sterols? Euks or Proks? | Euks |
| What is a main threat with fungi? | They can have difficult to kill spores |
| What eukaryotic strucutres posesses its own DNA? | Mitochondrion |
| Difference b/w spriochete and spirlium? | Spriochette is longer |
| What is the order of application of stuff during the gram stain process? | 1. Crystal violel, iodine (mordant), alcohol, safranin |
| Purpose of mordant? | To prevent crystal violet from leaving cell |
| Why is the spore stain important? | it is hard to kill spores since bacteria killing stuff doesn't kill spores (released by fungi) |
| What are mesosomes? | Artifacts |
| How stable is the cell membrane of bacteria? | Not very, can lyse |
| What protcts the cell membrane? | Cell wall |
| What is the most common condition within the cell membrane of the bacterial cell? | Hypertonic |
| Where does bacterial energy synthesis take place? | Cell membrance |
| Is the cell wall found in eukaryotes? | No |
| Why does the gram + stain purple? | thicker peptidoglycan doesn't let mordant (iodine) and crystal violet out |
| What does gram + cells have that gram - don't? And vice versa? | Gram + has Techoic acids. Whereas gram - has porins, lipopolysachride (bad for us) |
| Where is the peptidoglycan found in gram - bacteria? Between what? | Periplasmic space; between outer and plasma membrane |
| Where would you find fimbrea? What is their prupsoe? | Attachment and adhesion (important in urinary tract diseases) |
| What has a role in adhesion? | Fimbrea, capsule, slime layer |
| What is the steps of spore formation? | 1. Copy DNA, 2. Put at end 3. 2 membranes 4.peptidoglycan |
| Why are endospores so hard to kill? | They're resistant! |
| The left side of the figure is catabolic or anabolic? | Catabolic |
| Apenzyme: | Needs co-factor to work |
| Hotoenzyme: | Binds to enzyme, never used up |
| Allosteric inhibition? | Somewhere else, not on active site |
| What binds on active site? | Competitive |
| Are cofactors usually proteins? | No |
| What is the purpose of fermentation? | o To get Nad+ so they can go through glycolysis to get 2 ATP |
| What produces lactic acid, CO2 and ehtanol after gluocose is fed upon it? | Fermentatio |
| Size of Euks, proks, and viruses? | 10 micro, 1 micro, 0.1 micro |
| Where is peptidoglycan located? | IN CELL WALL |
| What do we generate in glycolysis? | NADH, 2 ATP, Pyruvic acid |
| Where does glycolysis feed into? | Fermentation |
| What types of fermentation exist? | Long chain fatty acids like costridium perfringes |
| How does ETC work? | Electrons pass from one molecule to another to make membrane proteins which pump protons outside of the cell w/ ATP synthase to make 34 ATPs |
| End with proton concentration outside and inside cell? | High proton concentration outside, low proton concentration inside cell |
| Which is higher, psychotrops or psychorophiles? | Trocphs |
| Thermophiles are used in what? | PCR |
| What is salt loving? | Helophiles |
| What is a microphile? | Wants a specific O2 concentration |
| Why can't produce ATP in the presence of Oxygen? | Facultative anaerobes |
| Complex media is what type of media? | Put in lots of stuff to get lots of bacteria |
| What are type of vialable count and aerobe vs. anerobe? | Pour plate (ane) and spread plate (aerobe) |
| Is a co-factor a protein or vitamin/ | Vitamin |
| What is the lag phase? | Before anything happens |
| What does the microaerophiles look like? | Kinda hanging out in middle of suspension |
| What is semi-conservative replication? | Where one strand of the new DNA product is parent and the other is dauther. |
| Where does the energy come from to help DNA polymerase make the new DNA? | Triphospate from dATP |
| What enzyme is responsible for mRNA synthesis? | RNA polymerase |
| Where is DNA ligase located? | Lagging strand |
| In what direction is DNA synthesized? | 5'-3' |
| What are the three stop codons? Start codon? | UGA, UAA, UAG; Start = AUG |
| Types of mutations | types of mutations |
| Base substitution: | Change one base to another |
| missense mutation: | Change an amino acid sequence by putting in wrong base |
| Nonsense mutation | Earlier wrong substituion = shorter protein |
| Frameshift mutation: | Put in an extra base/take out base = change all AAs |
| silent mutation: | No change in AA |
| Changing which of the three bases in a nucleotide sequence wouldn't make a difference? | Changing the last one |
| What is recombination? | Looks like th two sticks crossing over and has to do with the mouse |
| How does conjugation take place? What happens? What does this look like? | Via pillis; a little bit of one gets into the other; this looks like two oval things |
| What is transformation/ | Giving random gneetic info |
| What is differnt b/w transformation and conjugatioN/ | Direct contact via pilli |
| When a virus wants to transfer the host DNA into a new one, what is this called? | Generalized Tranduction |
| What is it called when the virus want sa specific target DNA? | Specialized Transduction |
Created by:
talkglitter2486