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PHYST3
Review of Test 3 -KIDNEY and LUNG stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| LUNG I | LUNG I |
| By what method does O2 exchange occur? | Diffusion |
| Steps involved in breathing: | 1. Ventilation 2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w alveolar air and blood 3. Transport through heart circulation by bulk flow 4. Exchange O2 and CO2 in tissues 5. Cells use O2-->make CO2 |
| Inspiration occurs by? | Increase volume in thoracic cage, thereby decreasing intrapleural pressure, increasing transpulmonary pressure, and expands thelungs and allows air in |
| Umm...summarize the above: (See p. 246, slide 3) | To inspire: Expand thorax, Pip < patm, Increase Transpulmonary pressure, expand lung, Palv <patm = air flow IN |
| What is transpulmonary prssure? | (Palv - Pip) |
| How does FORCED expiration work (P. 248) | 1. Decrease thorax 2. Return pressures of Pip, Ptranspulm, and recoil lungs-->Patm < Palv = air flow out |
| How does air flow?? | From area with greater pressure to area with less pressure |
| LUNG II | LUNG II |
| What does the respiratory quotient measure? | How much cell uses O2 and produces CO2 |
| What is hypoventilation? C and O amounts? What does this lead to? | Shallow breathing; high C, low O; not enough oxygenated blood |
| So what do you do?? | You breath |
| What happens to CO2 if you decrease PO2 in venous side? Arterial side? | Venous: Increase CO2, Arterial, Decrease CO2 |
| As systemic venous blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, what happens to O and CO2? | There's diffusion of Oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli |
| Rank the following in order of how saturated with Oxygen (from lowest to highest): High elevation, excercise, normal | Excercise, high elevation, to normal |
| What is the common form in which you would find circulating CO2? | bicarbonate |
| What happens to the bound hydrogen ions when the blood flows through the lung capillaries? | They are released and combine with bicarbonate to ---:>CO2 and Water |
| LUNG III (LAST) | LUNG III (LAST) |
| What is the curoff signal for breathing? | Pulmonary stretch receptors |
| What neural strucutre controls breathing? | Medulla |
| What are the two inputs to the medulla that control breathing? | Peripheral and central chemoreceptors |
| What are peripheral chemoreceptors MOST sensitive to a change to? What are they sensitive to changes of overall? | Most: CO2; also PO2 and H+ |
| Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in? [H+] [PCO2] or [PO2]? | [H+}; associated with an increase in PCO2 |
| Generally, what MUST we lower the levels of in our blood? What do we automatically respond to even if their levels go up a bit? | PCO2 and [H+]; often, an increase in PCO2-->increases H+ |
| Ventiallation during excercise: | Ventiallation during excercise: BELOW |
| What happens to [H+] [PCO2] and PO2 during moderate excercise: | Unchanged |
| Which one increases in STRENOUS excercise? | [H+] increases in strenuous excercise b/c of lactic acid fermentation |
| KIDNEY I | KIDNEY I: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION |
| What are teh three processes of the kidney? | 1. Glomelular filtration 2. Tubular Secretion 3. Tubular Reabsorption (resorption) |
| Excretion = | (filtered - secreted) / resorped |
| ***What drives glomelular filtration? | Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries |
| ***What opposes glomerular filtratio? | Hydrostatic pressure in BOWMAN"S capsule and osmotic force (due to proteins..etc.) |
| GFR is? | Fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space |
| What does tubular reabsoprtion aim to do? | Get good stuff out of urine...like glucose |
| What is the predominant method for reabsoprtion in kidney? | BY DIFFUSION via wate concetnration gradients |
| Tubular secretion involves? | Moving substances from peritubular capillaires to tubules. |
| RECALL:What are the two pathways of getting something into the tubule? | Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion |
| What goes through this? | K+, H+ |
| Clearence of a substance = | mass of S excreted per unit time/Plasma concentration of S |
| How does urination work by REFLEX (micturition) | 1. Distend bladder 2. Increase parasympathetic to bladder muscle 3. Inhibit motor neurons to external urethral sphincter |
| How does urination work by VOLUNTARY CONTROL (micturition) | 1. Distend 2. Parasymp input to BOTH bladder muscles and motor nerves of external urethral sphincter |
| KIDNEY II | KIDNEY II |
| I'm | (blank) |
| Going | (blank) |
| To | (blank) |
| Give up | (blank) |
| on those | (blank) |
| Points | since there's too much info to re-memorize |
| KIDNEY III | KIDNEY III (LAST!!!) |
| Osteoblasts: | Lay down bone |
| Osteoclsts: | Break down bone |
| Osteocytes: | What osteoblasts become after they've layed down bone |
| Osteoblasts do what to plasma Calcium levels? | DECREASE it since they use it to make bone |
| Osteoblasts do what to calcium levels? | INCREASE since they btreak down bone and release the calcium in them |
| What hormones FAVOR bone formation? | D3 |
| What hormones favor bone BREAKDOWN (resportption)? | PTH (parathyroid) |
| Kidney regulation of calcium resporption is under what control? | hormonal control |
| What does vitamin D3 do?? | Makes the GI absorp more Calcium injested in bood |
Created by:
talkglitter2486