finial for a and p

Description:	a and p finial for a and p 2
Category:	Nursing
Created by:	rose phillips on 2007-04-21

Question	Answer
hormones are classified into what 3 general categories	amino acid, proteins, steroids
what is the hypothalamus	inferior part of the diencephalon
what is the job of the hypothalamus	controls the secretion of the pituitary gland
what hormones does it release	oxytocin, and vasopressin
what is the pituitary	the master gland which is divided into a larger anterior lobe and smaller posterior lobe also know as the master gland
what is the anterior pituitary made of	made mainly of glandular epithelium
what is the posterior lobe of pituitary made of	mainly nerve fibers and neuroglial cells
what is the pineal	found in the brain near the thalamus between the two cerebral hemispheres it is pine cone shape
what is the thyroid	found just below the larynx on either side of the trachea made up of follicles it is simple cuboidal epithelium which the two loves connected by an isthmus
what is the parathyroid	they are embedded in the posterior and inferior surface of the thyroid
what is the thymus	it is behind the sternum and between the lungs job is to help with immune in children
what is pancreas	helps with digestive and endocrine system produces insulin has the pancreatic islets and islet of Langerhans
what is adrenal	it is found on top of each kidney divided into a a inner part called the adrenal medulla and outer part called the adrenal cortex which has 3 parts helps with fight or flight response
what are ovaries and testes	sex glands
growth hormone GH	stimulates cell metabolism and the growth of bones and muscles
thyroid stimulating hormones TSH	stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones T3 thriiodothyronine,T4 thyroxine, calcitonin
adrenocorticoid hormone ACTH	stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret its hormone cortisol
melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH	causes a skin color
follicle stimulating hormone FSH	stimulates the developmental follicles in the ovaries of females and production of sperm cells in males
Luteinizing hormone LH	stimulates ambulation and production of progesterone in females production of testosterone in males
prolactin	stimulates milk production
anti-diuretic hormone ADH	increased water re-absorption
oxytocin	causes contraction of uterine nurturing response of mother,
melatonin	inhibits the functions of the reproductive system regulates body rhythms with the wake and sleep pattern
serotonin	neurotransmitter
thyroid stimulating hormones TSH
triiodothyronine T3
calcitonin	lowers calcium and phosphate in the blood
parathyroid PTH	causes bone cells to release calcium and phosphate into the into the blood causes the intestinal cells to absorb calcium from digested food
thymosin	causes the production of T lymphocyte white blood cells which protect the body against foreign microbes
insulin	causes excess blood glucose to be stored in the liver as animal starch
glucagons	stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose
adrenalin	epinephrine
noradrenaline	nor-epinephrine
cortisol	inhibits the inflammatory response
ovaries and testes	testosterone estrogen progesterone
what happens is pituitary makes to much growth hormones	gigantism and acromegaly
what happens is pituitary has to much anti-diuretic hormone	diabetes insipidus
what happens when pineal makes to much melatonin	causes to feel tired and depressed
what happens if to much thyroid hormone	you get hyperthyroidism
to much parathyroid hormone	hyperparathyroidism
pancreas problem	high blood sugar
when problems with adrenal	cushing syndrome
hypo secretion of pituitary growth hormone	dwarfism
what problems can occur when melatonin is off	feel tired and depressed
thyroid problems	hypothyroid cretinism myxedema
what are the characteristic of insulin dependent diabetes	occurs in children auto immune disease destroys beta cells daily insulin injections needed
what are the characteristics of non insulin dependent diabetes	occurs in adult beta cells produce insulin but small amounts fat deposits build up in blood vessels
what is the function of blood	transport oxygen from lungs carbon dioxide from the cells nutrients hormones and enzymes to cells regulates body temperature water intake and electrolytes
what are 3 types of formed elements of blood	erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes or platelets
erythrocytes	red blood cells
leukocytes	white blood cells
granular	neutrophils eosinophils basophils
agranular or nongranular	monocytes lymphocytes
how does hematopoiesis occur	occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue where all blood cells are produces
what does myeloid tissue do	help in production of blood cells
what does lymphocytes and monocytes are produced by	spleen and tonsils
blood cells develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells called	stem cells or hematoblasts
1 step in blood clotting	smooth muscles helps constrict a cut blood vessel
2 step in blood clotting	erupted blood vessels attract thrombocytes to the site of injury
3 step of blood clotting	coagulation occurs which are platelets clump together damaged tissues release thromboplastin cause prothrombin activator which is made in liver
4 step on blood clotting	prothrombin activator is converted into insoluble fibrin
5 step of blood clotting	fibrin forms the threads of the clot which tightening of the clot
last step of blood clotting	dissolution of the clot or fibrinolysis occurs
what are different blood groups	a-b-ab-o
when have A blood you can get whose blood	A and O
when you have type B blood who can you receive from	B and O
When you have AB blood who can you get blood from	A-B and O
When you have type O blood who can you get blood from	O
if you have type A whose blood can you not have	A and o
What blood can you not have if you are B type	A or AB
what type of blood can you not get if you are O	A B or AB
what is RH group	8 antigen and Dis the most important
if you have antigen D you are	positive
if you do not have antigen D you are	negative
what is erythroblastosis fetalis	occurs when mother is RH negative and the baby is RH positive also know as hemolytic disease of the newborn, mothers blood will cross through the placenta and destroy the child's red cells
what will happen to baby in erythroblastosis fetalis	baby will become anemic and suffer brain damage or die
How can you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis	through a drug called RhoGam in a form of a shot
hemophilia	bleeding disorder
leukemia	cancer of blood
anemia	decrease in amount of oxygen that red blood cells can carry
sickle cell anemia	erythrocytes are sickle shaped
iron deficiency anemia	decrease in erythrocytes production
hemolytic anemia	erythrocytes are destroyed quickly by drug use auto immune disease or snake venom
infectious mononucleosis	mono also Epstein Barr virus
thalassemia	hemoglobin production decrease death by age 20 or mild anemia mostly affects African and mediterranean and asian
septicemia	blood poisoning
malaria	causes by mosquito bite
name the membranous sac around the heart	pericardial sac
what 2 layers make up the pericardial sac	fibrous pericardium outer layer and serous pericardium inner layer
what is first layer of heart	epicardium
what is second layer of heart	myocardium
what is third layer of heart	endocardium
which atrium is larger	right
what does right atrium do	collects blood from all of body except the lungs
ventrical walls are	thick
atrium walls are	thin
where is pacemaker	right atrium
why are ventrical walls thick	because it pumps blood through whole body
step one of blood flow of heart	from superior and inferior vena cava blood flows into the right atrium
from the right atrium blood goes to	tricuspid valve
from tricuspid valve blood flows to	right ventricle
when leaving the right ventricle it passes through the	pulmonary semi-lunar valve
after passing the pulmonary semi-lunar valve it goes to	pulmonary arteries
after blood leaves the pulmonary arteries the blood flows into the	lungs
after leaving the lungs blood goes	to the left atrium
after going through the left atrium it goes to	bicuspid valve
after bicuspid valve it flows to the	left ventricle
after left ventricle blood flows to the	semi-lunar valve
after blood flow leaves the semi-lunar valve it flows to	aorta
after the aorta blood flows to	arteries
after arteries blood flow to the	capillaries
after capillaries blood flow is passed to	vena cavas
what is tricuspid valve	between the right atrium and right ventricle
what is pulmonary semi-lunar valve	between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
what is bicuspid valve	between the left atrium and the left ventricle
what is aortic semi-lunar valve	between the left ventricle and the aorta
what does the chordae tendineae do in relationship to proper valve function	it opens and closes the valve
when blood passed through the aorta what kind of blood is it	oxygenated
when blood passes through pulmonary artery what kind of blood is it	unoxygenated
when blood passes through the right atrium what kind of blood is it	unoxygenated
when blood passes through the ventricle what kind of blood is it	unoxygenated
when blood passes through the left atrium what kind of blood is it	oxygenated
when blood passes through the left ventricle what kind of blood is it	oxygenated
when blood goes through the veins what kind of blood is it	unoxygenated
when blood passes through the capillaries what kind of blood is it	mix oxygenated and unoxygenated
what is a SA node	also know as pacemaker
what is a av node	also know as the atrioventricular node
what is the atrioventricular bundle	also know as bundle of his
how does sa node work and where is it located	it is found in the superior wall of the right atrium has sympathetic impulse
how does the atrioventricular node work	depolorarized when sa node stimulated
how does atrioventricular bundle of his work	it runs thru the cardic mass to top of interventricular with impulses over medial surface of the ventriculars
what is job of purkinjes fibers	to desstrubute the impulses to the myocardium of the ventricla causing actual contraction
what is systole	thop number of blood pressure when heart is contracting
what is diastole	when the heart is relaxed and the bottom number of the blood pressure
cardic cycle takes how long	o.8 seconds
what happens in the first o.1 second of the heart cycle	the aria contract and the venticles relax in other wards the atrioventicular valves are open and the semilunar are closed
what happens in the second step or the 0.3 seconds of heart cycle	the atria reaxes while the ventricle contract and all valves close
in the last 0.4 seconds of the heart cycle what takes place	the semilunar open this is the relaxtion period
what are the five systemic systems circulations	coronary circulation hepatic portal circulation pulmonary circulation cerebral circulation fetal circulation
what organ does the coronary cirulation deal with	heart
what organ does the hepatic circulation deal with	liver and intestines
what organ does the pulmonary circulation deal with	the lungs
what circulation does the cerebral circulation deal wiht	brain
what organ does the fetal circulation deal with	between the baby and mother
what are the 3 layers found in blood vessels	tunica intima ,tunica media,tunica adventitia
tell me about the tunica intima	it is single layer and has endothelial cells
tell me about the tunica media	it is the middle of blood vessel layers and is smooth muscle
tell me about the tunica adventitia	it is the outter layer and is fivrous connective tissue
tell me about arteries	they are thicker and stronger elasic and contract
tell me about arterioles	they are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
tell me about veins	they are less elastic and smooth muscle have more fibrous connective tissue have internal valves
tel me about venules	they are small vessels connect to capillaries to veins
tell me about capillaries	they are microscopic vessels single layer endothelial cells connect arteries with venules exchange of gas nutrients and waste between blood and tissue
what are various branches of aorta	ascending aorta branches, aortic arch branch, thoracic aorta branches abdominal aorta branches
what parts do the ascending aorta branch serve	right and left arteries and heart
what parts do the aortic arch branches serve	right carotid and right subclavian and the upper limbs left external carotid skin of neck and head left internal carotid brain left subclavian vertebra artery axillary biracial and radial and ulna
what parts does the thoracic aortic branches serve	bronchial lungs, esophageal esophagus, phrenic diaphragm, intercostal thorax
what part of body does the abdominal aorta branches serve	stomach, spleen, liver, small intestines, kidneys, sex glands, abdomen, walls of trunk, large intestines, thigh, leg foot, knee
what veins drain into the superior vena cava	radial and ulnar cephalic basilica subclavian axillary external jugular vertebral internal jugular brachiocephalic axygos
what veins drain into the inferior vena cava	anterior and posterior tibial perennial femoral great saphenous right and left common iliac right and left gonadal right and left renal right and left hepatic
rheumatic heart disease	caused by streptococcus bacteria happens mostly in young children also know as rheumatic fever it in inflammation of the endocardium
endocarditis	inflammation of endocardium
myocarditis	inflammation of the heart
pericaeditis	inflammation of pericardial sac
atherosclerosis	hardening of heart
coronary heart disease	reduced blood to the coronary arteries
heart failure	weaken of myocardium
what is the function of the lymphatic system	drains interstitial fluid from tissue spaces transports fat from the digestive tract to blood
why is the lymphatic system so important	to help us control and destroy a large number of microorganism that can invade our bodies and cause disease or death
name the major organs that make the lymphatic system	lymph ,lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen , thymus gland, preyer's patch
identify the individual structures	helium, efferent lymphatic vessels, afferent lymphatic vessels, stroma
describe helium	slight depression on one side
describe efferent lymphatic vessels	leaves
describe trabeculae	capsular extensions
describe afferent lymphatic vessels	enters
describe the stroma	made up of helium and trabeculae
what is the purpose of valves in the lymphatic system	to stop back flow to ensure a one way flow
what are the different lymph trunks	lumbar trunk intestinal trunk bronchomediastinal trunk intercostal trunk subclavian trunk jugular trunk
define immunity	the ability to resist infection from microorganisms resist damage from foreign substances and harmful chemical
what are 2 types of immunity	humoral immunity cellular immunity
what lymphocytes are associated with them	humoral b cells cellular t cells
what are antigens	is a foreign protein that gains access to our bodies
what are antibodies	they bind to specific antigens
what a 5 types of antibodies that make up the gamma globulin's of plasma proteins	immunoglobulins g IgG, immunoglobulin A IgA immunoglobulin M IgM immunoglobulin D IgD immunoglobulin E IgE
where is IgG found	in tissues fluids and plasma
where is IgA found	in exocrine gland secretions
where is IgM found	found in plasma as response to bacteria in food
where is IgD found	found on the surface of B cells
Where is IgE found	associates with allergic reaction
what is active immunity	occurs when b cells contact antigens and produces antibodies
what is passive immunity	occurs naturally when a fetus receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta
what are the 7 different types of immune response	B cells plasma cells, helper t, killer t, suppressed T, memory, macrophages
what are lymphokines	chemicals released by T cells
what are monokies	chemicals produced by macrophages
allergies	hypersensitive reaction to allergen
lymphoma	tumor of lymphatic tissue
lymphadenitis	inflammation of lymph nodes
lymphangitis	inflammation of lymph vessels
bubonic plague	bite from Asiatic rat flea
aids	acquired immune deficiency syndrome
five basic activities of the digestive system	ingestion peristalsis digestion absorption and defecation
what is the tunic layers composed of the alimentary canal	epithelial, lamina muscularis, mucosa tunica sub-mucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serous, visceral peritoneum
what is unique of the tunica layers
structure and function of mouth	taste mechanical breakdown of food using the teeth and chemical digestion of carbohydrates using the salivary enzymes
what is the function and structure of the tongue	manipulation of the food taste through some of its papillae and assistance in speech
what is the function and structure of the salivary glands	silva lubricates the food begins the digestion of complex carbohydrates and controls certain bacteria
what is the function and structure of the teeth	the tooth is composed of the crown the neck or cervix and the root the crown of the tooth is covered with enamel a tooth is made up of dentin the periodontal ligament anchors the tooth into the alveolar socket
what is the function and structure of the pharynx	common passageway for food and air it is divided into the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx
what is the function and structure of the esophagus	to secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus
what is the structure and function of the stomach	to begin the chemical breakdown of proteins through the enzymes pepsin. It also breaks up food mechanically by churning its contents absorbs some water salts alcohols and certain drugs like aspirin cardiac fundus body and pylorus
what is the function and structure of the pancreas	dual function its acini produce digestive enzymes that get carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum of the small intestine islets of Langerhans secrete hormones insulin and glucagons to control sugar levels
what is the function and structure of the liver	produces heparin prothrombin its kupffer cells phagocytes bacteria of worn out blood cells sores excess carbohydrates as glycogen stores copper iron and vit. a, d, e, k, transforms poisons into less harmful substance produces bile salts that breaks fats
what is the funtion and structure of the gallbladder	store concentrates bile by liver lobules
what is the function and structure of the sm. intestine	completion of absorption of the digested food divided into three portions the duodenum jejunum ileum the ileocecal valve
what is the function and structure of the lg. intestine	to re-absorption of water consists of cecum colon rectum and anus
what is a hiatal hernia	protrusion Thur diaphragm
what causes ulcerations of the stomach or duodenum	gastritis
how is feces formed	H2o absorbed from the large intestine
what are the 3 kinds of secreting cells of the stomach	the zymogenic chief cells that secrete pepsinogen the parietal cells that secret hydrochloric acids the mucous cells that secrete mucus
how many muscle layers composed the soomach and what is the importance of these layers	the oblique innermost circular middle layer ,longitdinal outer most to grow when empty
how does the small intestine differ in structure and function from the large intestine	because of the length and what jobs it does
what occurs during inspiration and expiration	the exchange of o2 and carbon dioxide
identify the various structures and function of the nose	cartilage skin externally mucous membrane nasal bones for breathing and the beginning of filtration it warms and moistened and filterers air
identify the various structures and function of the pharynx	passageway for both food and air it forms a resonating chamber for speech divided into the nasopharynx and oropharynx and laryngopharynx
identify the various structures of the larynx	thyroid cartilage epiglottis cricoid cartilage paired arytenoids cartilages conciliate cartilages mucous membrane
identify the various structures and function of the trachea	it is 4.5 tubular passageway for air is located anterior to the esophagus
identify the various structures and function of the bronchi	secondary lobar goes to the lobes tertiary segmental bronchi branch off to bronchiloes which branch to terminal bronchioles
what is the pleural membrane	composed of two layers of serous membranes the outer is the parietal pleura and the inner is the visceral pleura between them is a lubricating fluid to prevent friction
how does smoking affect the trachea	changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to a stratified squamous epithelium no cilia the epithelium cannot clear the passageway of mucus and debris
what is partial pressure and how is it determined	gas is the amount of pressure that gas contributes to the total pressure and is directly proportional to the concentration of that gas in the mixture
what is our atmosphere composed of	78%nitrogen, 21%oxygen, 160 mm is Hg and carbon dioxide 0.3 is Hg
how does our rib cage aid with respiration	it pushes the sternum forward
what is surfactant why is it important	material secreted by certain cells it helps reduce surface tension which keeps the alveoli from collapsing or sticking shut as air moves in and out during breathing
how does the term bronchial tree get its name	due to all the branching it does
what is the role of the urinary system	keeps the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amounts of solutes and water from the blood
list the main structures associated with the urinary system	two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra
how does the urinary system differ in the male and female	through the urethra in a man it functions as both an organ to eliminate urine from the bladder and as a tube to transfer sperm to the outside
list in detail the internal and external anatomy of the kidneys	helium notch which ureter leaves kidney blood vessels nerves lymph vessels enter and exit innermost layer is renal capsule acts as barrier against infection and trauma 2layer adipose protects from blows last layer renal fascia anchors kidney to stomach wa
what is a nephron	microscopic renal tubule it is vascular component
what volume of blood passes thru the kidneys every minute	1200 ml
what does active transport and osmosis have to do with kidney function	allows the small water molecules to pass through but holds back larger particles.
what is the anatomy and function of the ureters	narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys.
where does peristalsis occur in the urinary stystem	Beneath the mucous membrane lining
what is micturition	passage of urine from the bladder outside of the body
how does micturition occur	external urinary sphincter surrounding the urethra leaves the bladder relax and urine leave the bladder when bladder reach 200 to 400 ml impulses the lower spinal cord which initiate a conscious desire to urinate
what tissue layers make up the ureters and bladder	transnational epithelium second is the connective tissue called the lamina propria. Underneath this layer is a layer of muscle tissue called the muscularis propria. The final layer is another area of connective tissue that is fatty. This layer separates
what is the capacity of the bladder	700 to 800 ml
what is the function of the urethra and how does it differ in the male and female	urethra leads to outside for urine differs in man due to size and is dual functioning for sperm and urine
what are the primary sex organs of the male reproductive system	testes or male gonads which produce sperm and male sex hormones
how is sperm formed	spermatogonia divide by mitosis form primary spermatocytes divide b meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes develop into spermatids which develop in mature sperm cells
what structures does a mature sperm cell pass through once it leaves the testicles	convoluted seminiferous tubules of the testis to straight tubules top of lobule network of ducts in the rete testis through coiled efferent ducts. Ductus epididymis on the posterior border of testis epididymis straightens goes to vas deferens to ejack
semen consists of what substance	enzymes that activate sperm after ejaculation and antibiotic called seminalplasmin to control bacterial growth in lake and female reproductive tract
name the 2 conditions of the prostate gland	enlarged prostate it constricts the urethra making urination difficult prostate cancer third most prevalent cancer in men slow growing not easily detected will result in death if not treated enlargement in glands is first sign
explain the functions of testosterone	development growth and maintenance of male sex organs stimulates muscle buildup bone development causes sperm maturation causes enlargement of Adams apple thickening vocal cords produces body hair stimulates aggressive behavior
what are the primary sex organs of the female reproductive system	ovaries which produce eggs and the female sex hormones
where in the female does fertilization occur	upper two thirds of the uterine tube
where does the zygote become implanted	the uterus
compare and contrast spermatogenesis vs oogenesis	men make viable sperm their whole life in women it stops at menopause or 50 in women eggs that a women can produce and release is determined at birth in men it begins at puberty
what are phases of menstruation	the follicular phase the ovulatory phase and the luteal phase
what are the fuctions of estrogen	development of the female secondary sex characteristics development of breasts appearance of pubic and axillary hair fat deposits on the hips breasts and under the skin widening of the pubic bone enlargement of the uterine tubes uterus vagina genitalia
know the external genitalia of the female	veneris is adipose two longitudinalflods called labia majora contain sweat glands clitoris labia minora covering called prepuce labia minora called hymen vaginal orifice called urethral orifice
know the anatomy and function of the mammary glands	15 to 20 lobes contains smaller compartments called lobules which contain milk or alveoli which convey milk to secondary tubules ducts let out to ampullae which is storage of milk ampullae continue as lactiferous ducts areola modified sebaceous glands
what is the segment of lung tissue that each tertiary or segmental broni supplies called	bronchopulmonary segment
bronchopulmonary segment is divided into a number of lobules wrapped in elastic connective tissue what are they	lymphatic an arteriole a venule and bronchioles from a terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchiloes subdivide into microscopic respiratory bronchi oles which divide 2 to 11	alveolar ducts or atria
what is around the circumference of the alveolar ducts	alveoli and alveolar sacs
what is innermost layer of Bowman's glomerular capsule	visceral layer made of podocytes these epithelial podocytes surround a capillary network called the glomerulus
what is int outermost layer of glomerulus capsule called	parietal layer
what is renal corpuscle made up of	Bowman's glomerular capsule and the enclosed capillary golmerulus
what is visceral layer of Bowman's capsule and the capillary network of the glomerulus form the endothelial capsular membrane which does what	filters water and solutes from the blood and moves it into the renal tubule
what is the first part of the renal tubule and where is it located	proximal convoluted tubule which is located in the cortex
the proximal convoluted tubule is the	descending limb of Henle which narrows as it dips into the medulla then bends into a U shape called the loop of Henle
when the loop of Henle straighten it increases in diameter and ascends toward	cortex as the ascending limb of Henle
in the cortex, the renal tubule again becomes	convoluted and is known as the distal convoluted tubule which ends by merging with a large straight collection duct
in the medulla collecting ducts connect with	distal tubules of a number of nephrons
collecting ducts pass through the renal pyramids and open into the calyxes of the pelvis	larger papillary ducts they empty urine into the renal pelvis
hepatitis	inflammation of the liver
cirrhosis	degenerative disease liver which lobes are covered with fibrous connective tissue
gallstones	cholesterol secreted by the liver into the liver
appendicitis	inflammation of the vermiform appendix
crohn's disease	inflammatory bowel disease unknown origin
diverticulitis's	pouch like herniation through the muscular layer of the colon
colorectal cancer	cancer of the large intestine and rectum second most prevalent cancer in us
hemorrhoids	inflammation and enlargement of rectal veins
emphysema	destruction of walls of the alveioli no cure alveolar walls are destroyed decreases the amount of gas exchanged alveolar walls lose elasticity which decreases ability of the lungs to recoil and expel air
lung cancer	most common cause of cancer deaths in us also know as bronchogenic carcinoma
cystic fibrosis	inherited disease affects secretory cells of the lungs mucus becomes thick difficult to breath fatal in childhood
pulmonary fibrosis	exposure to asbestos silica coal dust lungs are not elastic breathing becomes very difficult
respiratory distress or hyaline membrane disease	premature infants too little surfactant being produced lungs tent to collapse most premature babies die as result of inadequate ventilation and tiring respiratory muscles
pneumonia	infection in the lungs
whooping cough	infection with the bacterium bordetella pertussis
kidney stones	composed of the precipitates of uric acid magnesium or clacium phosphate or calcium oxalate
gout	condition caused by high concentration of uric acd in the plasma
glomerulonephritis	inflammation of hte kidneys
renal failure	condition the interfered with kidney function
tricomonas	flagellate protoxoan tht is more commonly found in women it erodes the tissues of the bagina in men it infects the urethra acidity of the vaginal tract can control the organism if it grows it resultsin inflammation of vaginal tissue with yellow green
gonorrhea	caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae it invades the epitheelial lining resulting in discharge of pus
syphilis	sores develops which disappear secondary stage fever and skin rashes desease enters latent period no symptons tertiary stage many years laer produces neural lesions extensive damage to nervous tissue casing paralysis eventually death
genital herpes	infection simplex herpes 11 blisterlike eruptions of the skin
genital warts	highly contagious not painful results in painful intercourse can cause bleeding during sex
phimosis	condition where the foreskin of the penis fits too tightly over the head of the penis and connot be retracted
endometriosis	infalammation of endometrial tissue which grows outside the lining the uterus