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PHYS3
Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES | LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES |
| DEFINITIONS: | DEFINITIONS |
| Tidal volume: | Air volume when entering or leaving lungs during a SINGLE inhilation or expiration |
| What is it in normal breating? Vt | 500ml |
| In a graph, what does the max inspiration look like? | A max peak |
| Expiration? | A min peak |
| Residiual volume: | Air left in lungs AFTER max active expiration |
| What is it on average? | 1000mL |
| Vital capacity equation? What is it on average? | resting Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; 5000mL |
| What does it look like in a graph?" | Max + min peak, conected |
| Forced Vital Capacity: | Volume expired during a forced maximal expiration. |
| How much is expired int he first second? | Most of it |
| ALVEOLAR VENTILATION | ALVEOLAR VENTILATION |
| Minute ventilation: | Total ventilation per minute |
| What is ventilation: | Movement of air |
| How is it calculated? | Min Vent = Vt * Resp Rate |
| Anatomic dead space: How much do we have? | Volume of air in conducting airways not involved in gas exchange; 150mL |
| Alveolar ventilation equation: | (Vt - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate |
| EXCHANGE OF GASES IN ALVEOLI AND TISSUES | EXCHANGE B/W ALVEOLI AND TISSUES |
| Respiratory Quotient: what is it a measure of? | Oxygen consumed by cells and C produced; measure of metabolism |
| What happens to RQ if you increase fat intake? What value does it become? | Decrease RQ; 0.7 |
| What happens if you increase Carb intake? What value does it become? | Increase RQ; 1.0 |
| What is the normal RQ amount? What if your amount is greater? | 0.8; if you have 1.1, it means you have more oxygen out than in...not good |
| PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GASES | PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GASES |
| Why can diffusion occur? | Due to partial pressure differences |
| What does atmospheric pressure equal what pressure? | Barometric pressure |
| What is atmospheric pressure the result of? | Sum of all partial pressures |
| What does the partial pressure of oxygen equal? | %Oxygen over total atmospheric pressure |
| Say you're at the top of mt. everest with 21% Oxygen, does your barometric pressure go up or down? | Down, man, down! Get down from that mountain |
| What is normal alveolar gas pressure of Oxygen? What about C? | O: 105 C: 40 |
| What is alveolar PO2? If you have a high ratio, is alveolar PO2 high or low? | ratio Oxygen consumption to alveolar ventilation; low PO2 |
| Is this different in CO2? What is the average value at rest for systemic venous PO2? CO2? | Yes, the higher ratio of CO2 to alveolar ventilation, the higher the alveolar C. PO2: 40 PCO: 46 |
| HYPER VS. HYPOVENTILATION | HYPER VS. HYPO |
| What is hypoventilation? C and O amounts? What does this lead to? | Shallow breathing; high C, low O; not enough oxygenated blood |
| What happens if we have an increased amount of CO2? What reflex sets in, I mean? | Brainstem tells us to breath! |
| What happens to CO2 if you decrease PO2 in venous side? Arterial side? | Venous: Increase CO2, Arterial, Decrease CO2 |
| How does arterial side change in excerciese? | PCO2-->Increase CO2 |
| ALVEOLAR BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE | ALVEOLAR BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE |
| As systemic venous blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries, what happens to O and CO2? | There's diffusion of Oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli |
| What are the final blood gas pressures at the end of the pulm capillaries? | They are equal to those in the alveoli |
| So, what about hte PO and PCO2 in systemic arterial blood? | They're like the pressures in teh alveoli |
| SUMMARY OF GAS PRSSURES | IMPORTANT VALUES |
| Venous PO2 and PCO2: | O: 40; C: 46 |
| Arterial PO2 and PCO2: | O: 100; C: 40 |
| Alveoli PO2 and PCO2: | O: 105; C: 40 |
| PERFUSION INEQUALITY | PEFUSION INEQUALITY |
| When would you have not enough gas exchange b/w alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? | When the alveolus capillayry surface area is decreased, alveolar wall thickens, and when there are ventilation perfusion innequalities |
| What do ventilation perfusion inequalities cause? | Reduce Systemic arterial PO2 |
| How do we oppose mismatching? | Low local PO2 causes vasoconstriction, shunting blood from poorly ventilated areas |
| In tissues, net diffusion of Oxygen occurs from WHAT to WHAT? Vs. net diffusion of CO2? | O2: Blood to Cells; CO2 cells to blood |
| TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD | TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD |
| 1 Liter of arterial blood has how much oxygen? (how much bound to hemoglobin too) | 200 ml Oxygen, 98% bound , rest dissolved |
| What is the major determinant of the degree to which hemaglobin is saturated with oxygen? | Partial pressure of Oxygen |
| When is the hemaglobin fully saturated? | At normal systemic arteral partial pressure of 100 |
| What protects us from having too low of a saturation? What percent of O2 actually leaves Hb to go to tissues? | there's a huge cushion; 25% |
| Rank the following in order of how saturated with Oxygen (from lowest to highest): High elevation, excercise, normal | Excercise, high elevation, to normal |
| Hemaglobin affinity is influenced by: | CO2, [H+], and temperature, DPG |
| What happens to increase pH? | Dump more oxygen at tissue |
| When would you see a decrease in pH, which would have the opposite effect of the thing above? | In excercise |
| What does DPG do for affinity of Hb? When does it increase? | It decreases affinity; increases when we've got not enough Oxygen |
| What impacts the abilitty to deliver O2? | Partial pressure of O2 |
| Each liter of blood contains how mcuh CO2? In what form? | 550 ml Co2, 90% in HCO3 (bicarbonate) |
| What happens to most CO2 molecules when they diffuse from tissues into blood? | Most forms bicarbonate |
| What does it do after it forms bicarbonate? What does it exchange itself for? | out of erythrocyte --> plasma in exchange for chloride ions |
| TRANSPORT OF HYDROGEN IONS | TRANSPORT OF HYDROGEN IONS |
| What happens to hydrogen ions formed in blood passage? | Bind to deoxyhemaglobin |
| Why? | Because deoxyhemaglobin has high affinity for hydrogen ions |
| What is the net equation for CO2 transport? | CO2 + water -->Carbonic acid (H2CO3) -->H+ and HCO3 |
| What happens to the bound hydrogen ions when the blood flows through the lung capillaries? | They are released and combine with bicarbonate to ---:>CO2 and Water |
Created by:
talkglitter2486