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PHYS3
Respiratory System: Ventilation and Lung Mechanics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| OVERVIEW | OVERVIEW |
| 2 meanings of respiration: | Useing oxygen in metabolism and exchange of oxygen and CO2 |
| What is a product of metabolism that is toxic to us? | CO2 |
| What are the three functions of the respiratory system? | 1. Get oxygen, get rid of CO2, and regulate pH |
| ORGANIZATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | ORGANIZATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
| Inspiration: | Movement of air from outside to airway to alveoli |
| Expiration: | Opposite direction |
| AIRWAYS | AIRWAYS |
| During inspiration, air passes through the nose of mouth into what structure? What additional role does this structure have? | The phyrnx; prevent food from getting into lungs |
| What does the phyrnx branch into? Go up to the point of bronchioles...ready, go! | Phynx--> esophogas (food) lyrnx (air)-->Trachea-->2 bronchi-->bronchioles |
| CONDUCTING ZONE OF THE AIRWAY | CONDUCTING ZONE OF THE AIRWAY |
| What are the two zones of the airway? | Conducting zone and respiratory zone |
| CONDUCTING ZONE | CONDUCTING |
| What makes up the conduting zone? | Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles |
| Why is there so much branching? | To increase sufrace area for air exchange |
| Say we output 5L of blood as Cardiac Output, how much of it goes to the lungs? | ALL OF IT, BABY!! |
| RESPIRATORY ZONE | RESPIRATORY |
| What are the three components of the respiratory zone? | Alveoli, their ducts, and lots of blood |
| What are alveoli? What do they exchange with? | Air containing sacs of gas exchange with blood |
| How does O2 exchange happen? By what method, I mean? | Diffusion |
| What defense stuff do we have in the epithelial sufraces of the airways? | Cilia |
| What is the function of cilia? | Beat bad stuff toward phyrnx and mucos secretions |
| What is cystic fibrosis and what is it caused by? | Pulm disease in whites; caused by problems with mucos lining of lungs |
| What is a slippery thing between the lungs and thorax? | The intrapleural fluid |
| What are its two functions? | Lubricates lungs to keep them together with thorax and deals with pressure changes in lungs |
| What is neumo thorax? | hole in lung-->collapse |
| What are the five basic steps inolved in ventilation? | Ventilation, Exchange of O and C b/w alveolar air and blood, Transport of O and C through heart by bulk flow, Exchange of O and C b/w capillaries and tissues, and Cells use O and produce C |
| Ventilation: By what mechanism does it happen? | Exchange of air b/w atmosphere and alveoli by BULK FLOW |
| The first exchange happens where by what? | Exchange b/w alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by diffusion |
| The last Exchange happens by what mechanism and where? | Exchange O and C b/w blood in capillaries and tissues by diffusion |
| VENTILLATION | VENTILLATION |
| BULK FLOW OF AIR | BULK FLOW OF AIR |
| When does bulk flow of air happen? | When the pressure in teh alveoli is lower than the atmospheric pressure |
| What is the flow in lung equation? | (Palv - Patm)/Rairway |
| What is the clinical description of what happens in asthma? | It is bronchoconstriction, so you reduce air exchange and decrease flow |
| What happens to volume in ionspiration? how? Apply boyle's law | Diaphragm contracts and increases the volume of the thoracic cage, which decreases intrapleural pressure by boyle's law |
| Where does the term subatmosopheric apply? What does it MEAN? | it makes the intrapleural pressure subatmospheric (meaning that the outside pressure is grater than the inside pressure, so air moves in and lungs expand) |
| What does the decrease in intrapleural pressure result in? | Increases transpulmonary pressure, and makes the lungs expand |
| Where is pressure difference in the lungs neccessary to drive air flow into teh lungs/ | the alveoli |
| What is the presure in the pleura now? SO? | Negative pressure, so air moves in, baby |
| What are teh sequence of 7 steps that allow inspiration (ventillation) to occur? | 1. Intercostal/diaphram contracts 2. Thorax expand 3. Intrapleural prsesure becomes subatmospheric 4. Increase transpulmonary pressure 5. Lungs expand 6. alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric 7. air flow into lungs |
| EXPIRATION | EXPIRATION |
| Is expiration a passive or active proccess? What does this mean? | Passive; you HAVE to do it |
| What kind of a process is inspiration then? | Active |
| What is the process of expiration? | RElax inspiration muscles to let lungs and chest wall get back to normal size |
| What does this ation lead to? | Compresses alveolar air, raising the pressure and getting air outo f the lungs |
| If you're excercising, is inspiration active or passive? | ACTIVE, otherwise it is passive |
| What is teh Functional Residual Capacity? | The volume of air int eh lungs at the end of an unfored expiration. |
| What is acting in this case? | Only PASSIVe forces of the lungs and chest wall |
| What are teh lungs vs. chest doing in FCR? | They are stretched and are atteping to recoil; but the chest is compressed and attepting to move forward |
| What does this lead to? | Subatmosphering intrapleural pressure |
| What is transpulmonary pressure? | (P alv - Pip) |
| What is the function of transpulmonary pressure? | Force acting to hold lungs open |
| At pulled chest, do we have a positve or negative transpulmonary pressure? | Positive (+) |
| What happens to the thoracic size in forced contractions? Why? Give example: | Decrease size b/c the expiratory muscles are contracting; this is in excercise of the hyplic maneuver |
| What is the mechanism fo the hymlic manuver? | Sqeeze lung, decrease volume, increase alveoli pressure, expire |
| LUNG COMPLIANCE | LUNG COMPLIANCE |
| What is lung compliance? | Change in lung volume produced by a change in transpulmonary pressure |
| How do you increase compliance? | Increase volume per unit pressure |
| What is the degree of lung expansion proportional to? | Transpulmonary pressure |
| What is comliance determined by? | Elastic tissue in lung, and surface tesnion of the fluid lining the alveoli |
| What does the chest want to do naturally? | Expand |
| What is surfactant? What does it do? | From type II epithilial cells of teh alveoli that reduces surface tesnion and increase compliance |
| What does Air flow equal? | (Patm - Palv) / Resistance |
| AIRWAY RESISTANCE | AIR RESISTANCE |
| What does airway resistance determine? | How much air flows into the lungs |
| What is teh major determinant of airway resistance? | Radii of the airway |
| What are the radii of the airway influenced by? | Transpulmonary pressure, mucos accumulation, Ach and histamine, and epinephrine |
| What do mucos accumulations have a role in? What do they do? | Colds, allergies, CF; they vasoconstrict |
| PULMONARY DISEASE | PULMONARY DISEASE |
| What happens in asthma? | Airway smooth muscle contracts, release mucos, which increases airway resistance and impairs breathing |
| What are the two types of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? | Emphysema or chronchitis |
| What happens in Emphysema? What is a possible cause? | Alveolar walls get destroyed, so you can't do gas exchange. Can be caused by self-destruction by lytic enzymes |
| Chronic bronchotiis is what? | Too much mucos made in bronchi |
| What is in common b/w bronchitis and emphysema? | Small airways can be damaged |
Created by:
talkglitter2486