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PHYS3
Regulation of Blood Pressure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the major cardiovascular variable being regulated? | Mean arterial blood pressure. |
| Why is this important to regulate? | Because it is the driving force for blood flow to organs |
| What regulates mean arterial blood pressure? | Stroke volume |
| How do you calculate MAP? | Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance |
| What is TPR? | Net resistance of all organs in body |
| BARORECEPTORS: What are the two kinds that exist? | BARORECEPTORS; arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. |
| Where are the arterial baroreceptors located? | Two carotid sinuses and aeortic arch. |
| What are arterial baroreceptors? | Nerve endings that are sensitive to stretch due to changes in arterial blood pressure |
| What do they do with the change? | Buffer changes in arterial blood pressure |
| What happens to wall of blood vessel and firing of AP when blood pressure is increased? | Increased wall blood vessel --> Increase AP |
| What happens if you decrease pressure? | Increase resistance and heart rate |
| What does the firing rates of arterial baroreceptors directly depend on? | MAP and pulse pressure |
| What sort of feedback is associated with baroreceptors? | negative feedback |
| CARDIOPULMONARY BARORECEPTORS? | CARDIOPULMONARY BARORECEPTORS |
| Where are they located? | Large systemic veins, pulmonary vessels, and the walls of the heart. |
| What is their function? | Keep the brain informed of changes; Do the same as the other baroreceptors; They sense changes in stuff. |
| What sort of feedback don't they use? What kind of pressure do they measure? | Don't use negative feedback. venous pressure |
| What does an increase in ABp lead to? | Increase AP of arterial baroreceptors |
| What does afferent info do when stimulated? | Goes up to cardiovascular center in medulla. |
| What do efferent nerves do when stimulated? | Increase parasympathetic outflow and decrease sympathetic outflow. |
| The parasympathetic outflow goes to....? And the sympathetic outflow doesn't go to? | Heart, arterioles, and veins |
| What is the result of the increase in arterial blood pressure? | Decrease CO, TPR, and MAP |
| What is the arteriole baroreceptor reflex? | Does the opposite of the above; i.e. decreases arterial blood pressure. |
| What is hte primary function of the baroreflex? | Shoprt term regulation of arterial blood pressure |
| BLOOD VOLUME AND LONG-TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE | LONG-TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE |
| Why can't baroreceptors set longo-term arterial pressure? | Because they can adapt or reset to changes in arterial bp |
| Thus, what does regulate arterial pressure in the long-term? | Volume, baby! |
| What happens to blood pressure when blood volume increases? | BP goes up |
| Why does this happen? | You increase venous return, E-D-V, SV, and C.O. |
| The increase in blood volume will then become what? Becuase of what? | Will then become a decrease in blood volume b/c kidneys extrete salt and water |
| What sort of feedback is this? | negative feedback loop |
| HEMORRHAGE AND HYPOTENSION | HEMORRHAGE AND HYPOTENSION |
| Define Hypotension: What can cause hypotension? | Low blood pressure; can be b/c of blood loss due to hemorhage. |
| What two mechanisms do we do to get over the hyipotension/ | Reflex cardiovascular adjustments, and moving IF to capillaries |
| REFLEX CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS | REFLEX CARDIO |
| What do we increase in this case? | HR and TPR |
| What do we decrease (due to the bloo loss, not on purpose)? | Stroke volume, Cardiac output, and MAP |
| MOVEMENT OF IF TO CAPILLARIES | MOVE IF TO CAPS |
| What does this result in? (FINAL FINAL, imoprtant term)? | Hemodilution |
| What is whole blood? | Cells and plasma |
| What happens when you move IF to capillaries? | ?????? |
| What are you essentially doing in the capillary movment thing? | Decrease Ventricular pressure and atrial pressure to decrease impact of hemorhage |
| What, other than hemorhage can cause hypotension? | Loss of body fluids, strong emotion, vasodilation chemcials |
| What is shock? | Low blood flow to tissues; damages them |
| UPRIGHT POSTURE | UPRIGHT POSTURE |
| What is the effect of gravity upon blood? How? | Reduce venous return by increasing vascular pressures in veins and capillaries in limbs |
| What happens when we stand up? | Blood-->veins-->legs-->decrease stroke volume-->decrease cardiac output |
| What does the increased venous pressure cause? | Distends veins and increases capilalry pressure-->increases filtration out of capillaries |
| When are these effects minimized? | Skeletal muscle contraction in legs |
| EXCERCISE | EXCERCISE |
| Why does CO increase in excercise? | HR and stroke volume increases |
| What is redistribution? | When the increase in cardiac output goes to vasodialating skeletal muscles and away from internal organs and nonactive skeleatl muscle |
| So how do we get blood to active muscles? Away from non-active muscles and ogans? | Vasodialation; vasoconstriction |
| REGULATION | REGULATION |
| What three things happen during excercise? | Vasodilation, constriction, and increase HR |
| Why does vasodilation happen in excerciese? | Active hyperemia |
| Why does vasoconstriction happen? | SNS activity to internal organs and non-active muscles |
| Why does increase HR happen in excercise? | Decrease parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activity |
| TRAINING | TRAINING |
| What is the maximal oxygen consumption? What the only way to change it? | Max oxygen use level; doesn't increase normally |
| Training: | Increase max stroke volume and cardiac output by increasing oxygen consumption |
| HYPERTENSION | HYPERTENSION |
| Why does hypertension happen? | Increased TPR from increased arteriolar constriction |
| What is the most common hpertension type? What happens there? Why? | Primary hypertension; caused by increased arteriolar constriction; we don't know why they increase |
| HEART FAILURE | HEART FAILURE |
| HWhen does heart failure occur? | Decreased contractility --> Not enough CO |
| What does an increase in diastolic volume do to systolic volume? | Increases it |
| What does heart failure lead to? | Makes kidneys retain fluid and increases capillary pressure |
| What does the capillary pressure increase lead to? | edema and filtration |
| What does edema at the ankle mean? | Right heart failure |
| What does pulmonary edema mean? | Left ventricle failure |
| CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE |
| Infarction: | Complete coronary artery block |
| What can cause acute death from a heart attack? | V-fib |
Created by:
talkglitter2486