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Phys2
Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the unit of measuring light? | Wavelength |
| What is the fobia centrales? | Dense receptors are located here |
| What is responsible to focus light in the eye? | Cornea and lens |
| What is accommodation? | When the lens shape changes in response to viewing near or far objects to focus both by the retina |
| What controsl lens shape? | Ciliary muscle does |
| Why do refractive disorders arise? | changes in the shape of the eye or width of the lens |
| What is presyopia? | Increasing stiffness of the lens makes accomodation for near vision difficult. |
| What is presyopia typically a result of? | Aging |
| What is myopia? | Nearsightendess, |
| What causes myopia? | Either an eye that is too long or a lens that is too wide |
| What is hyperopia? | Farsightedness |
| GENERALLY, what does your eyball look like if you're nearsighted? | too long |
| Farsighted? | Too squished |
| What controls the amount of light in the eye? | IRIS |
| What is the structure through which the light enters the eye? | Pupil |
| What happens to the size of the iris as the ligh is decreased? | Increase iris size |
| What is the contraction of the eye, causing the hole to get smaller is called what? | Parasymapathetic |
| What is the relaxing of th eye called? | Sympathetic |
| What are the photoreceptor cell sin the retina? | Rods and cones |
| Where would you find greater photoreceptors? | In the fovea, which is the center of the retina rather than the peripherry |
| What controls the intesity of light in the eye? | AP |
| What is this relationship? | Direct. the more light, the greater the action potential |
| RODS VS CONES | RODS VS CONES |
| What is the sensitivity of rods vs cones? | Rods are high, cones are low |
| Waht is the color difference b/w rods and cones? | Rods and Black and White, cones are color |
| What is the resolution of rods vs cones? | Rods are low and cones are high |
| What is the location of rods vs. cones? | Peripheral vs. central (cones) |
| How many cones can sense one color? Approximate. | One cone sense one color |
| Where do rods and cones synapse? | On bi-polar cells |
| Where do bi-poler cells synapse? | ganelion cells (NOTE FIG. 7-27 and p.112) |
| What form the optic nerves? | Ganglion cell axons which lead to the brain |
| Where are retina recepotrs vs. ganglion? | Ganglion in front, but retina receptors in back |
| What impacts the light vs. dark cycle? | Hyptothalamus |
| Where do optic never fibers terminate? | In the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus |
| Where does the thamlus send fibers? | To the visual cortex |
| How many muscles control eye movement? | 6 skeletal muslces |
| How does the fovea centralis have a role in eye movement? | When snaning a visulal field for objects of interest, msucles keep the fixation point on the fovea centralis despite movement of other objects i nthe room |
| HEARING | HEARING |
| How is sound energy transmitted? | Via air pressure waves movement |
| What determines pitch/ | Frequency of sound waves |
| What determines loudness? | Amplitude of sound waves |
| What is the sound transmission sequence? | Sound waves enter from the external auditory canal and cause vibration of the tympanic membrane |
| What is the tympanic membrane? | Eardrum |
| What does the vibration of the tympanic membrane lead to? | Vibration of the three bones |
| What are the three bones and how are they shown? | They are the maleous, incus and stapes and they are shown as connected |
| What does the stapes vibrate against? | The oval window |
| What does the oval window vibration lead to? | vibration of the fluid inside of it, within the scala vestibula |
| What does the scala vestibula vibration cause? | Pressure waves to go down to the chochlea duct wall |
| And what does that vibration lead to? | Vibration of the basilar membrane |
| What is the purpose of the basilar membrane? | Each part of it vibrates well to one specific frequncy of sound wave |
| What does the fluid movement dictate? | which SINGLE part of the membrane will move; note that not all parts of the membrane will move |
| What does the vibration of the basilar membrane fluid lead to? | Hair cells ofthe organ of corti move in relation to the tectoral membrane |
| What does the hair cell movement on the sterocila lead to? | Release of neurotransmitters |
| What do those neurotransmitters do? | They activate receptors on the peripheral ends of the afferent nerve fibers |
| VESTIBULAR SYSTEM | VESTIBULAR SYSTEM |
| What is the vestibular system? | Body position |
| Where is the vestibular apparatus located and what does it consist of? | It is located in the temporal bone on each side of the head and consists of 3 semicircular ducts, a utricle and a saccule |
| What allows us to perceive that we are changing body position? | When hair cells get bent, we sense a change in position |
| What is the purpose of the semi-circular ducts? | They detect angular acceleration due to rotation of the head; so they sense head turning |
| What does this cause? | Bending of the stereocillia on their hair cells, which causes release of neurotransmitters |
| What is the ampula? | Bulge in semicircular duct |
| What is the capula? | Gelatinous mass that ensheaths the cilia |
| Where is it located? | In the ampula |
| When are the hair cells stimulated? | Only during a change in the RATE of rotation |
| What does the utricle and saccule contain? | Otoliths |
| What are the otoliths? | Rocks |
| Where are they located? | in the gelatonous substance |
| What do they move in response toi? | changes in LINEAR |
| What do they cause to happen when they move? | They stimulate teh cilia of the hair cells when they move |
| CHEMICAL SENESE | CHEMICAL SENSES |
| Where would you find most taste buds? | In mouth, especially the tongue |
| How many substances can taste buds detect? | many different ones |
| What is the general mechanism taste buds operate by? | They each have a different one |
| 1. Do we all have a specified number of tastebuds? | Nope |
| OLFACTORY RECEPTORS | OLFACTORY RECEPTORS |
| Where are olfactory receptors located? | In the mucosa of the upper nasal cavity |
| Where do they lead to? | Limbic system |
| What does this mean? | It means that smells trigger strong emotions |
Created by:
talkglitter2486