Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
LECT 3 & 4
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the makeup of a virus? | Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein shell |
| What are the cellular components of a eukaryotic cell? | 1) PM, 2) Nucleus with DNA and RNA 3) Cytoplasm, with cell organelles and cytosol |
| SEE TABLE 3-1 | SEE TABLE 3-1 |
| What are the functions of the PM? | Selective barrier, has receptors, anchors to other cells, and is a site for protein attachment for generation and transmittion of force |
| What is the primary content of the bilayer? | Phospholipids |
| How are the phospholipids structured in the cell? | No chemical bonds link the phospholipids, they hang out in the cell. Lots of random motion |
| What is the role of cholestrol in the membrane? | To maintain fluidity and is important in vesicle formation |
| What is a primary component of the cell membrane? It helps transport stuff through the membrane | Proteins |
| What are integral proteins? | Amphipathic with non-polar segment in the lipid region and let stuff through them to get to the inside of the cell |
| What are peripheral proteins? | Located at membrane surface and bound to polar regions of integral membrane proteins |
| What are the three types of cell membrane junctions? | Desmonsome, tight junctions, and gap junctions |
| What are desmosomes? | Tightly hold cells together, like in our skin, but they allow stretchin |
| How are desmonosmes linked? | Their membranes are linked by fibers |
| How are they seperated? | There are extra cellular spaces filled with cementing fluid |
| what are tight junctions? | They don't allow much movement and are very restrictive of what can go out |
| How are their membranes seperated? | There is no space between them |
| Where are tight junctions primarily found? | In bladder and blood vessels |
| What are Gap Junctions? | Allow molecules to pass from one cell to another, serves to help in cell-cell communication |
| Where are gap junctios primarily found? | In cardiac muscle, to help in controlling the electrical activity b/w cells |
| COMPONENTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL | COMPONENTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Nucleus | Largest organelle |
| Give an example of an anuclear cell and a cell with serveral nuclei | RBC, Skeletal muscle cells |
| What is the primary function of the nucleus? | Storage and transmission of DNA |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | Doubl membrane around nucleus |
| What are the nuclear pores and porins? | They allow stuff in cell, but are very specific |
| What is the chromatin? | DNA and associated proteins |
| CYTOPLASM | WHAT'S IN THE CYTOPLASM? |
| Ribosomes: | Proteins are made by these guys |
| What are proteins made of? | Amino acids |
| Where do proteins go from the ribosomes to what? | Ribosomes to lumen of ER then to Golgi |
| ER | ER |
| Rough ER function vs. agranular function: | Packs proteins for rough and synthesize fats for smooth |
| Primary function of golgi? | Modfication of proteins and sorts the proteins received from ER into vesicles to be sent to other parts of the cell |
| In lamen's terms? | Sticks a carb or something on the proteins and decides where they go |
| Mitochondria's primary function? | Produce ATP, uses oxygen to get carbon dioxide |
| What kind of cells do you think would have the most amounts of mitochondria? | The brain b/c it uses lots of energy |
| What is the structure of the lysosome? | Surrounded by one membrane |
| What is the function of the lysosome? | Breaks down bacteria and cellular garbage with the acidic fluid and digestive enzymes |
| What is the structure of the peroxisome? | Surrounded by a single membrane? |
| How do peroxisomes and lysosomes differ? | Internel contencts differ and peroxisome destroys side products of oxygen (not cellular junk) |
| What is the primary function of filaments? | Form the cytoskeleton (which maintains cell shape), helps in cell movement, and helps protect DNA during cell division |
| What are the three types of filaments? | Microfilaments, intermediate filmaments and microtubuluoles |
| What is a gene a sequence of? | DNA nucleotides |
| What key information does it contain? | It determines the amino acid dequence of a single protein |
| How many allelles does a person get? | A copy of each gene from mom and dad |
| How is the DNA of genes arranged? | Three nucleotides (triplet) |
| What does this triplet encode? | a single amino acid |
| What determines the sequnce of the amino acids in a protein? | The sequence of the triplets |
| What is another name for these triplets and where do we usually use this term? | Codons; we call them this when DNA is becoming RNA |
| What are some factors regulating protein synthesis? | 1. Rate of transcription of a gene into mRNA, stability of mRNA (if stable, will hang out a lot, if unstable, will hang out a little) 3. Initiation (translation of mRNA by ribosomes) |
| SEE BOOK ON SYNTHESIS | SEE BOOK ON SYNTHESIS |
| LECTURE 4 | LECTURE 4 |
| How do proteins interact with their environment? | They bind to DNA or RNA , 2. They bind to other proteins, 3. They bind to carbs and lipids, and 4. they bind to ions |
| Why do they bind to DNA and RNA? | To control amount of protein present |
| What is a ligand? | Any molecule that binds to a specific binding site on a protein by a force other than a covalent bond |
| In lamen's term? | Something that binds to something |
| Is this a permanent bond? | No, not very tight at all |
| What is the binding site? | Region in molecule to which a ligand binds |
| What ditates the shape of the binding site? | The amino acid dequences |
| Can a site accept more than one ligand? | Yes, it isn't specific to one type of a ligand |
| What is saturatioN? | Fraction of total binding sites that are occupied at nay given time |
| What does saturation depend upon/ | Ligand concentration and binding site affinity |
| What is affinity? | The strength of the ligand and binding site interaction |
| In lamen's terms? | How close are shapes of ligand and receptor? |
| If something is tight binding, does it have low or high affinity? | High affinity |
| (blank) | The protein withhigher affinity for the ligand |
| If something is tight binding, does it have low or high affinity? | High affinity |
| Thus, what two characteristics influence whether the ligand will bind to a specific protein? | The affinity and concentration |
| If we have 5000 of ligand A and 50 of ligand b, but ligand b has more affinity for the protein, which one will be bound? | Ligand b b/c it has most affinity |
| Does protein shape affect binding to ligands? | Yes!!! Shape is really important |
| What is allosteric binding? | Lingand binds to receptor to activate Response |
| SEE FIGURE 3-32 A | 3-32 A |
| What is phosphorylation? | Adding PO4 to receptor |
| What does a kinase do? | Add |
| SEE FIGURE 3-32 B | 3-32 B |
| What does cellular function primarily depend on? | Control of protein activity |
| What is the above form of alteration, involving a change in phosphate groups called? | Covaletn modulation |
| What factor determines the types and amounts of proteins? | Synthesis and degradation |
| What enables the cell to keep going? | Energy |
| What is metabolism? | Chemical reactions that occur within a living organism |
| What are anabolic steroids responsible for? | Building up muscle |
| What is cataboilsm? | Cellular breakdown of molecules to get energy |
| What is anabolism? | Synthesis of molecules |
| Whati s a fundemental rule about energy and its creation and destruction? | Can't be created or destroyed, so it must be transferred |
| What determines chemical reaction rates? | Concentration, Eact, temp, and catalyst presence |
| What is the role of the catalyst in the cell? | Decreases Eact |
| Which type of reaction, reversible or non reversible yields more energy? | The irreversible one |
| What is the unit of measurement for energy released or consumed in chemical reactions? | CALORIES |
| See fig 3-33 | 3-33 |
| What helps in giving control of enzyme mediated reactions? | Substrate concentrations, enzymje concentrations, enzyme activity (phosphorylation) |
| SEE FIG 3-35 | 3-35 |
| What is the rate limiting reaction? | Slowest reaction in a series of reactions |
| Is ATP stored? | NO, cells use ATP to get ENERGY!! |
| How does one generate ATP? | ADP plus a phosphate and 7kcal/mol equals atp and water |
| What are the by-products of breaking down fuel molecules? | 40% ATP and 60% heat |
| MEMORIZE FIG. 3-46 | 3-46 |
| Why do we use glycolysis for? | To catabolize carbs |
| What does glycolysis do? | Converts glucose to pyruvate |
| How much ATP do we get from glycolysis? | 2 ATP molecules |
| What is teh equation for a glycolysis reaction? | Glucose, and 2 ADP, 2 phosphates -->2 lactate and 2 ATP + water |
| What's with the symbolism at the bottom of the slide on | page 44 |
| Where does the glycolysis reaction take place? | Cytosol |
| What is the only molecule that is capable of going through glycolysis? | Sugar (GLUCOSE) |
| What sort of reaction is glycolysis? | Anaerobic reaction |
| How many ATPs do we get as a result of the reaction? | 2 |
| SEE FIG 3-40 | SEE FIG 3-40 |
| What happens in the presence of oxygen? | Pyruvate enters the KREBS cycle |
| What happens to the pyruvate if no/little oxygen is present? | Pyruvate becomes converted to lactate |
| What molecules become catabolized in the krebs cycle? | Proteins, carbs, and fats |
| Where does the krebs cycle occur? | Mitochondria |
| What is produced in the krebs cycle? | hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide and ATP |
| What is the key enzyme involved with the krebs cycle? | Acetyl-Co A |
| Where does the zcetyl come from? | It is a product of glycolysis |
| What two coenzymes are required by the KC? | NAD+ and FAD |
| Why are they important? | Because protons are transferred to NAD and FAD to make NADH and FADH, which are needed to carry electrons to enter ETC |
| Where does the KC take place? | Matrix of mitochondria |
| What can the KC catabolyze? | Carbs, fats, and proteins |
| How much ATP is produced in ETC per molecule of glucose? | 34 ATP |
| Where does the ETC occur? | In mitochondria |
| Where does the energy needed to form the ATP come from in oxydative phosphorylatioN? | From the enrgy released when hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water |
| How much energy is needed to form one atp? | 7 kcal of energy |
| What are the two protein types that are needed in ETC? | 1) Those that help protons transport and 2) those that couple enrgy by reaction for making ATP |
| What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis? | Move protons into compoartment b/w two mitochondrion membrans |
| NOTE: | P. 90 (gly) P92 (KC), P. 94 (ETC) |
| How is the conformation of a protein determined? | Sequence of amino acids |
| What does affinity depend upon? | Shape of ligand and binding site |
| What does chemical specificity depend upon? | Shape of binding site only |
Created by:
talkglitter2486