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Voice Science
Stack #63592
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| brownian motion | random high-speed movement of molecules due to their inherent energy (air) |
| Dyne | unit of measure for force and pressure |
| MKS system | meters kilo grams and seconds |
| cgs system | centimeters, grams and seconds |
| microbar | measurement of dynes per centimeter squared |
| newtons | unit of measure of force in the metric system |
| pascal | unit of measure of pressure in the metric system |
| flow | movement of air through a particulr area in a certain interval of time |
| volume velocity | the speed of volume of air traveling in a certain direction |
| driving pressure | difference between high-and low-pressure areas that causes air to flow between these areas. |
| laminar flow | air that flows smoothly , with molecules moving in a parallel manner and at the same spped |
| turbulent flow | occurs when an obstacle in the airs way disturbs the flow |
| volume | amount of space occupied in three dimentsions |
| density | amount of mass per unit of volume |
| boyle's law | as the volume of the enclosed space decreases, the pressure of the air increases, given a constant air temperature. |
| compression | displaced molecules pushing against their neighbors increasing the density of air creating an area of positive pressure |
| rarefaction | increased distance between molecules, decreased density of air, lower pressure |
| elasticity | a restoring force, refers to the property of an object to be able to spring back to its original size, form, location and shape |
| inertia | tendecy of matter to remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by an outside force |
| hooke's law | the restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction |
| amplitude | maximum distance away from rest position that the molecule is displaced, which is detemined by the amount of energy involved in the movement |
| damping | decrease of amplitude, occures due to friction and causes an object to vibrate with less amplitude |
| wave front | outermost area of the wave that is traveling spherically through the air |
| wavefrom | a graph with time along the hoizontal axis and amplitude alng the vertical axis that is used to represent pressure changes over time |
| frequency | the number of cycles per second at which objects or air vibrate |
| hertz | unit of measurement of frequency |
| period | the time that each cycle in a wave takes to occur |
| reciprocal | period and frequency |
| perodic wave | one in which each cycle takes the same amount of time to occur (could be a pitch on a musical scale) |
| aperiodic | individual cycles do not take the same anount of time to occur |
| wavelength | the distance covered by one complete cycle of pressure change, measurement of the travel of a sound wave. |
| incident wave | a sound wave that is generated, travels a certain distance and then hits up against a boundary |
| absorbtion | damping of a wave |
| reflection | a wave collides with a boundary that is hard and smooth, and travels in the opposite direction |
| interference | when two or more waves combine with eah over |
| constructive interference | results in increased amplitude |
| destuctive interference | decreases the amplitude of the wave |
| phase | relative timing of compression and rarefactions of waves |
| reverberation | when reflected sound waves extend the duration of an incident sound. |
| simple harmonic motion (SHM) | regular, smooth, back and forth movement with its characteristic pattern of accelerationthrough the rest position and deceleration at the endpoints of the movement |
| pure tone | a sound with only one frequency, generated by a source vibrating SHM |
| complex sound | contain two or more frequencies and may be periodic or aperiodic |
| periodic complex sound | consist of a series of frequencies that are systemaatically related to eah other. |
| fundamental frequency | the lowest frequency in a complex periodic sound |
| harmonics | higher frequencies in periodic complex sounds |
| fourier analysis | how harmonics in a complex peiodic sound can be identified |
| continuous aperiodic complex sound | prolonged (escaping steam) |
| transient aperiodic complex sound | brief in duration (person hitting hand on desk) |
| spectrum | a graph with frequency along the horizontal axis and amplitude along the vertical axis |
| continous spectrum | displays the frequency content of aperiodic sounds |
| line specturm | displays the frequency content of periodic sounds |
| sinusoid | smooth, varying shape wave form |
| spectrum | snapshot, no time involved |
| mels | measurement of pitch |
| frequency at which an object vibrates | depends on mass, length and tension |
| subsonic | frequencies below the range of human hearing |
| supersonic | frequencies above the range of human hearing |
| amplitude | the mount of motion of a vibrating object or the amount of pressure change generated by the motion of the object measured in microbar or micropascals |
| intensity | the power of sound measured in W/m2 the square of amplitiude |
| phon scale | the sacle that resulted form matching sounds of varying frequencies and intensities to the 100 Hz tone |
| decibel scale | logarithmic ratio scale that compares the amplitude and/or intensity of any sound to a standard reference sound |
| linear scale | ruler, thermometer distance between units indication equal increments |
| logarithmic scale | units that increase by greater and greater amounts. cannot be added or subtracted |
| ratio scale | reflects a relationship between quantities |
| threshold of hearing | indicates the softest sound of a particular frequency that a pair of normal human ears can hear 50 percent of the time under ideal listening conditions |
| 0 db | threshold of hearing |
| auditiory area | complete range of human hearing in terms of frequency and intensity bounded by the threshold of hearing and the threshold of pain |
| resonant frequency | the rate at which an object vibrates freely and depends on its physical characteristics |
| applied frequency | the wave that forces a resonator into vibration |
| mechanical resonator | thi actual object itself is set into vibration |
| axoustic resonator | a container filled with air (enormously important in speech production) |
| bandwidth of a resonator | the range of frequencies that it will transmit |
| sharply tuned resonator | a narrow bandwidth |
| broadly tuned resonator | will respons very quickly to the applied frequencies, but the vibrations will fade more quickly |
| cutoff frequency | the point at which a resonator becomes unresponsive to an applied frequency |
| resonance curve (transfer function) | a graph with frequency on the horizontal axis and realative amplitude on the vertical axis. depicts the repsons of a resonator to any applied frequency. |
| natural or center frequency | resonant frequency of a system that results in the greatest amplitude of vibration |
| attenuation rate | the rate at which the resonator's amplitude of response is attenuated. |
| low pass filter | passes acoustic energy below a specific upper cutoff frequency |
| high pass filter | transmits energy above a specific lower cutoff frequency |
Created by:
dbrinker