World War II military alliance of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, China, and 45 other countries

World War II military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other countries

A turning point battle fought in 1942 in the Pacific during which American planes sank four Japanese aircraft carriers who were never able to recover from this defeat and afterwards were always on the defensive.

Germany's use of the blitzkrieg on this country led to the start of World War II.

"lightning war " German military tactic for quick victory by use of massed airplanes, tanks and mobile infrantry.

A period of time following the German invasion of Poland. Although the European powers had declared war on one another, there was little combat.

Allied soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance. Over 330,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuated by sea to England. The majority of British troops were able to survive and fight another day.

Germany's failed attempt to subdue Britain in 1940 in preparation for an invasion (Operation Sealion). This was the first battle fought entirely in the air and the first time that Hitler suffered a military setback.

The codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

The suprise attack by Japan on U.S naval base in Hawaii, December 7, 1941. This brought the United States into World War II.

The Normandy Landings, June 6, 1944 — the day on which "Operation Overlord" began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II.

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, this battle is marked by heavy losses on both sides and fierce combat--much of it hand to hand.

The site for a major battle where the British were able to defeat the Germans who were led by Rommel. Success in this turning point battle ended the North African Campaign and set up the invasion of Italy.

The American effort to develop the first nuclear weapons. Leads to the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender during World War II.

On August 6, 1945 the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped by Americans, killing an estimated 80,000 people and heavily damaging 80% of the city. The first use of atomic weapons in history.

The second city that an atomic bomb was dropped on by the U.S. during World War II. This lead to Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers.

The United States becomes the "arsenal of democracy" and provides the material for an Allied victory in World War II once Britain couldn’t pay for them any more under the Cash and Carry plan.

Germany's last attempt to push back the Allies in Western Europe. Hitler was hoping that a quick victory here might cause the Allies to negotiate a peace treaty.

Allied strategy of capturing Japanese-held islands. From these bases the United States could bomb the main islands of Japan, including the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

During World War II Japanese pilots were trained to make a suicidal crash attack, upon American ships. Very successful and had huge effect of allied moral.

Germany's systematic elimination of Europe's Jews during World War II. Over 6 million Jews were killed.

22 leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer to the International Military Tribunal of the victorious powers on four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

This gave Germany access to good naval bases from which they could launch their U-boat operations, and it also secured their shipments of iron-ore from Sweden.

This resulted in Germany's control of Western Europe. For the Axis, the campaign was a spectacular victory.

Was thought of as a satellite state or "puppet state" of Germany after the fall of France in 1940.

A World War II Nazi Germany plan to invade the United Kingdom, beginning in 1940. It never actually happened because Germany lost the Battle of Britain.

The German airforce during the Second World War.

Secrect weapon used by British during the Battle of Britian. It allowed the British to identify enemy aircrafts and then intercept them.

The German's intense bombing campaign on London, during the Battle of Britain. Considered one of Hitler's mistakes of WWII.

He was the commander of the Afrika Korps. His nickname was The Desert Fox because of the skillful military campaigns he waged for Germany in North Africa. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allies in the invasion of Normandy.

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history.

Battle of the Atlantic

At the beginning of the war German U-boats devastated Allied shipping and navies. Nearly cut off Britain from supplies and support but was eventually slowed and halted by Allied weapon advances.

One of the turning point battles of World War II. A German defeat by Soviets. Afterward Germany was totally on the defensive. The largest tank battle in history.

Allied invasion of northwestern Africa. Improved naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepared an invasion of Southern Europe 1943.

The Allied invasion of Sicily which leads to an Allied victory in Italy, July 1943.

Germans beseiged this city for 3 years, from 1941-1944. The Soviets were able to stop the German advance in the north here. The German plan was coded as Operation Nordlicht. The siege lasted from September 8, 1941 to January 18 1944.

Battle of the Coral Sea

In May 1940, a battle between Japan and the USA; a battle at sea but fought entirely by aircraft carriers. A tactical victory for the United States as the Japanese plan for the invasion of Australia was cancelled.

Invasion of Normandy, France in June of 1944.

A military strategy that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. A tactic used in world war two that utilized aircraft to disable key targets. A major factor in the defeat of both Germany and Japan.

Battle for Leyte Gulf

Largest naval battle in history. Fought by the Empire of Japan and the Allies between Ocotber 23-26 1944. Last major naval battle of WWII. The first use of Kamikazees.

The largest of Nazi Germany's concentration camps and extermination camps. This camp was a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust; at least 1.1 million people were killed there, and 90% of them were Jews.

The 'big three' (Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt) met to decide how to divide up Europe after the defeat of Germany.

Was president from 1945–1953 he took over from Roosevelt due to Roosevelt’s Death. He was the president in power when the Atomic Bombs were dropped.

The Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the U.S represented by Joseph Stalin, Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. They tried to decide what to do with a defeated Germany but couldn’t come to an agreement.

The Market Revolution

Industrial revolution thant happend from 1815-1840. Supply and demand was a concept of this time.

Was a town that was formed in the 1820's by a group of Boston Entreprenerurs. Cloth was the main item produced in this town. Female workers flocked here for work.

Caused by the Second Bank of fthe United States calling for its loans due to shortage of hardmoney. Depression, the recovery took long.

a new political party that emerged in 1830s,

President of the "common man"

The way Jackson portryed himeslf to people during the election and his tenure.

Jackson's Democratic Agenda

Included the re-settlement of Indians, rapid settlement of the nations interior, along with exersizeing full presidentual powers,and only appointing loyalists to government posts.

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AP US History

Total Review

Glossary Term	Definition
Allies	World War II military alliance of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, China, and 45 other countries
Axis	World War II military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other countries
Battle of Midway	A turning point battle fought in 1942 in the Pacific during which American planes sank four Japanese aircraft carriers who were never able to recover from this defeat and afterwards were always on the defensive.
Invasion of Poland	Germany's use of the blitzkrieg on this country led to the start of World War II.
Blitzkrieg	"lightning war " German military tactic for quick victory by use of massed airplanes, tanks and mobile infrantry.
Phony War	A period of time following the German invasion of Poland. Although the European powers had declared war on one another, there was little combat.
Dunkirk	Allied soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance. Over 330,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuated by sea to England. The majority of British troops were able to survive and fight another day.
Battle of Britain	Germany's failed attempt to subdue Britain in 1940 in preparation for an invasion (Operation Sealion). This was the first battle fought entirely in the air and the first time that Hitler suffered a military setback.
Operation Barbarossa	The codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Pearl Harbor	The suprise attack by Japan on U.S naval base in Hawaii, December 7, 1941. This brought the United States into World War II.
D-Day	The Normandy Landings, June 6, 1944 — the day on which "Operation Overlord" began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II.
Battle of Stalingrad	City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, this battle is marked by heavy losses on both sides and fierce combat--much of it hand to hand.
El Alamein	The site for a major battle where the British were able to defeat the Germans who were led by Rommel. Success in this turning point battle ended the North African Campaign and set up the invasion of Italy.
Manhattan Project	The American effort to develop the first nuclear weapons. Leads to the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender during World War II.
Hiroshima	On August 6, 1945 the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped by Americans, killing an estimated 80,000 people and heavily damaging 80% of the city. The first use of atomic weapons in history.
Nagasaki	The second city that an atomic bomb was dropped on by the U.S. during World War II. This lead to Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers.
Lend-Lease Act	The United States becomes the "arsenal of democracy" and provides the material for an Allied victory in World War II once Britain couldn’t pay for them any more under the Cash and Carry plan.
Battle of the Bulge	Germany's last attempt to push back the Allies in Western Europe. Hitler was hoping that a quick victory here might cause the Allies to negotiate a peace treaty.
island hopping	Allied strategy of capturing Japanese-held islands. From these bases the United States could bomb the main islands of Japan, including the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
kamikaze	During World War II Japanese pilots were trained to make a suicidal crash attack, upon American ships. Very successful and had huge effect of allied moral.
Holocaust	Germany's systematic elimination of Europe's Jews during World War II. Over 6 million Jews were killed.
Nuremberg Trials	22 leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer to the International Military Tribunal of the victorious powers on four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Adolf Hitler	Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.
Invasion of Norway	This gave Germany access to good naval bases from which they could launch their U-boat operations, and it also secured their shipments of iron-ore from Sweden.
Fall of France, 1940	This resulted in Germany's control of Western Europe. For the Axis, the campaign was a spectacular victory.
Vichy France	Was thought of as a satellite state or "puppet state" of Germany after the fall of France in 1940.
Operation Sea Lion	A World War II Nazi Germany plan to invade the United Kingdom, beginning in 1940. It never actually happened because Germany lost the Battle of Britain.
Luftwaffe	The German airforce during the Second World War.
Radar	Secrect weapon used by British during the Battle of Britian. It allowed the British to identify enemy aircrafts and then intercept them.
The Blitz	The German's intense bombing campaign on London, during the Battle of Britain. Considered one of Hitler's mistakes of WWII.
General Rommel	He was the commander of the Afrika Korps. His nickname was The Desert Fox because of the skillful military campaigns he waged for Germany in North Africa. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allies in the invasion of Normandy.
Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history.
Battle of the Atlantic	At the beginning of the war German U-boats devastated Allied shipping and navies. Nearly cut off Britain from supplies and support but was eventually slowed and halted by Allied weapon advances.
Battle of Kursk	One of the turning point battles of World War II. A German defeat by Soviets. Afterward Germany was totally on the defensive. The largest tank battle in history.
Operation Torch	Allied invasion of northwestern Africa. Improved naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepared an invasion of Southern Europe 1943.
Operation Husky	The Allied invasion of Sicily which leads to an Allied victory in Italy, July 1943.
Siege of Leningrad	Germans beseiged this city for 3 years, from 1941-1944. The Soviets were able to stop the German advance in the north here. The German plan was coded as Operation Nordlicht. The siege lasted from September 8, 1941 to January 18 1944.
Battle of the Coral Sea	In May 1940, a battle between Japan and the USA; a battle at sea but fought entirely by aircraft carriers. A tactical victory for the United States as the Japanese plan for the invasion of Australia was cancelled.
Operation Overlord	Invasion of Normandy, France in June of 1944.
Strategic Bombing	A military strategy that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. A tactic used in world war two that utilized aircraft to disable key targets. A major factor in the defeat of both Germany and Japan.
Battle for Leyte Gulf	Largest naval battle in history. Fought by the Empire of Japan and the Allies between Ocotber 23-26 1944. Last major naval battle of WWII. The first use of Kamikazees.
Auschwitz	The largest of Nazi Germany's concentration camps and extermination camps. This camp was a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust; at least 1.1 million people were killed there, and 90% of them were Jews.
Yalta Conference	The 'big three' (Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt) met to decide how to divide up Europe after the defeat of Germany.
Harry Truman	Was president from 1945–1953 he took over from Roosevelt due to Roosevelt’s Death. He was the president in power when the Atomic Bombs were dropped.
Potsdam Conference	The Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the U.S represented by Joseph Stalin, Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. They tried to decide what to do with a defeated Germany but couldn’t come to an agreement.
The Market Revolution	Industrial revolution thant happend from 1815-1840. Supply and demand was a concept of this time.
Lowell Massachusetts	Was a town that was formed in the 1820's by a group of Boston Entreprenerurs. Cloth was the main item produced in this town. Female workers flocked here for work.
Panic of 1819	Caused by the Second Bank of fthe United States calling for its loans due to shortage of hardmoney. Depression, the recovery took long.
Whigs	a new political party that emerged in 1830s,
President of the "common man"	The way Jackson portryed himeslf to people during the election and his tenure.
Jackson's Democratic Agenda	Included the re-settlement of Indians, rapid settlement of the nations interior, along with exersizeing full presidentual powers,and only appointing loyalists to government posts.
The Second Great Awakening	A huge religious movement that resulted in church membership doubling and was especially directed at men and women of the business class.
Charles Grandison Finney	A laweyer-turned-minister who was the leader of the Second Great Awakening.
Lyman Beecher	founded the American Temperance Society in 1826. which held that drinking led to poverty, idleness, crime and family violence.
"moral reform"	first aimed at public morals, then narrowed down to reducing sexual sin, lower prostitution, brothels, etc.
The Liberator	Abolishonist Periodical.
Founded 1831.	Made people realize the wrongs of slavery and raised awareness.
William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist Leader.Founded the "Liberator." Sparked the abolitionist movement.
Abolitionists	A group of radicals who advocated for the immediate and uncompensated end to slavery. This movement to abolish slavery began in the north in the 1830s.
Jackson's Indian Policy	Andrew Jackson saw the Natives as a problem and wanted to remove the Indians to territory west of the Mississippi (in his opinion, the only way to save them).
Indian Removal Act of 1830	In Jackson's efforts to solve the Indian problem he spent $500,000 to relocate Indians to territory West of the Mississippi. Southern tribes proved resistant .
Worcester v. Georgia	1832, the Supreme Court recognized the Cherokees as a distinct community, not subject to the law of
Georgia. Jackson ignored the Court's decision and passed the Cherokee removal to the West.	This lead to the Trail of Tears which is one of the lowest and most embarassing points in US History.
Trail of Tears	The Trail of Tears refers to the forced relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees.
John C. Calhoun	Leader of a group of South Carolina politicians. Drew up a statement outlinine a docterine called nullification.
Nullification	The idea that if congress overstepped its boundries that states had the right to nulify congress's acts. Can be seen through the conflict between South Carolina and the Tariff of Abominations in 1828
Force Bill	Defined South Carolinas stance on the Tariff of Abominations as treason and authorized military action to collect said tax. Led to a revised tariff and the withdrawl of South Carolina's nullification of the old tariff.
The Bank War	Jackson's opponents applied for a charter renewal, hoping to secure the future of the bank and the end Jackson's presidency. But when Jackson vetoed the bill, it appealed to the masses, and Jackson went on to win the following election.
Specie Circular	1836 - An order that public land could be purchased only with hard money, which caused bankers to reduce their loans.
Panic of 1837	Caused by veto of Bank of United States Renewal legistlation, failure in crop market, downturn in cotton prices, and surplus of silver.
Martin Van Buren	President of United States, Democrat, inaugurated 1836,nicknamed "Old Kinderhook"
William Henry Harrison	(February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States.Harrison first gained national fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Archduke Frans Ferdinand	His assasination in Sarajevo provoked Austria to declare war on Serbia and sparked the beginning of WWI.
Gavrillo Princip	His murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo triggered WWI by prompting Austria to declare war on Serbia for the government's apparent hand in the assasination.
Triple Entente	France, Russia and Britain entered WWI as a result of this alliance.
Triple Alliance	A military alliance formed before World War One between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Often called the Central Powers.
"The Blank Cheque"	Germany's guaranteed of support of Austria. So they could take action against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand.
Dreadnought	The development of this new type of battleship was a key component of the arms race which preceded WWI between Britain and Germany.
Schlieffen Plan	A German war plan: wage war against one enemy at a time (first France), win quickly, and then move on to the next opponent (Russia). This failed at the Battle of the Marne as France was stronger than expected and Russia mobilized quicker than expected.
First Battle of the Marne	The first battle or World War I fought in France. After this battle the hopes of the Schlieffen Plan were destroyed and battle tactics had to be changed. The war turned to a stalemate of trench warfare.
Tanks	Developed by Britain as a solution to the stalemate of trench warfare. These machines were built so they could navigate over the trenches and then shoot into the trenches. They were a major technological development and they made trench warfare obsolete.
Gas	A major military innovation, this weapon caused large scale destruction. Chlorine was the first successful killing agent used and it was first deployed by the Germans. It depicted a major change in war tactics.
Airplanes	These were initially used in the war for reconnaissance. Towards the end of the war, they were also used in combat for the first time. A major technological innovation that came about during World War I.
Submarines	The German called them U-boats. Because the German U-boats destroyed American ships, the United States entered the war.
Trench Warfare	A battle tactic first used in World War I which found both sides digging ditches in order to defend themselves from the enemy. This led to a war of attrition where little ground was ever gained and the amount of causalities were high.
Battles of Attrition	A military engagement in which neither side has any tactical advantage, so that the only result of the fighting is the great loss of men and material on both sides. One side tries to outlast the other.
Battle of the Somme	In 1916, it was one of the largest battles of WWI. The battle resulted with more than a million casualties and was the bloodiest battle for the British army. They suffered 60,000 casualties on the first day. No decisive advances were made.
Battle of Verdun	This 1916 battle was fought between the German and French armies and resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and about half a million wounded. It was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I.
Russian Revolution	As a result of the impact of World War I this event in 1917 eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.
US enters the war	Unrestricted German submarine warfare resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania and raised tensions between Germany and the US. Germany's attempt for a military alliance with Mexico agaisnt the States, led to this event which was the turning point in WWI.
French troops mutiny	Senseless battles of attrition led to this mutiny in 1917.
Gallipoli	A 1915-16 battle that took place in Turkey. The battle was an absolute failure for the Allies. The ANZAC forces were desimated after they landed at an impossible cliffside location. An entire generation of Australian and New Zealand men were killed.
Balfour Declaration	A promise to make a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine had been promised to both the Arabs and the Jews. In fact, it wasn't given to anybody. Instead, the British kept it as a mandate. This has led to the Arab-Jewish tensions that continue today.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	A treaty signed by Lenin and the Central Powers on March 3, 1918, which marked Russia's exit from WWI.
Battle of Jutland	The largest naval battle of World War I. It pitted the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet against the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea near Denmark. This was the only battle that truly showcased battleships. It was non-decisive.
Suffragettes	Name given to members of the British women's movement who during the early twentieth century fought for the vote.
Total War	When an entire country consecrates themselves to a war effort. When most production sectors change their production to war supplies. From shells to guns and tanks. Also the government is allowed to make decisions without the regular steps and stages.
Propaganda	In France and Britain, the Germans were portrayed as evil monsters that would destroy everything in their paths.. This is also often used to gain support from the people of a country, widely used in the USA to promote total war. Very one sided and biased
Censorship	The editing, removing, or otherwise changing of speech and other forms of human expression. In WWI it was used to cover up the truth in lettres coming from the front. They would all be profread and the parts that the masses shouldn't know were eliminated.
The Paris Peace Conference	Was organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and the defeated Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany as part of this conference.
Treaty of Versailles	The treaty that determined the fate of the Germany after WWI. It imposed a 132 trillion Mark indemnity as well as returned Alscace Lorraine to France. The War Guilt clause and a limitation on the Germany military were also part of this treaty.
Treaty of St.Germain	The peace treaty signed with Austria after World War I. I was part of the Paris Peace Talks.
Treaty of Neuilly	The peace treaty signed with Bulgaria after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
Treaty of Trianon	The peace treaty signed with Hungary after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
Treaty of Sevres	The peace treaty signed with the Ottoman Empire after World War I. It was part of the Paris Peace Conference.
The Big Three	They were the most significant policy makers at the treaty of Versailles. Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson.
Woodrow Wilson	Made the Fourteen Points address. Introduced the idea of a League of Nations. For his peacemaking efforts was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize. His failure to win U.S. entry into the League as the biggest mistake of his administration.
David Lloyd George	British representative at the Treaty of Versailles who did not want to utterly destroy the German economy and political system because he felt they should be a trading partner. His priority was the British Empire and mandates.
Georges Clemenceau	Led France during WWI, was a major voice behind the Treaty of Versailles. He was anti-German and made sure the Treaty of Versailles was especially punishing for Germany.
Fourteen Points	Formulated by Woodrow Wilson as a blueprint for European peace after WWI. Resulted in the German surrender in WWI in hopes of a just peace but many points were surrendered to the harsher British and French leaders.
Self-Determination	Allows people of similar background the right to their own state or nation. Was the basis for many of the new countries formed after WWI but was overlooked in places such as the Polish corridor, the Sudetenland, and Yugoslavia.
Diktat	A treaty in which the nation recieving has no say in anything. Led to bitterness about the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles by the German people.
League of Nations	International organization formed after the Paris Peace Conference, intended to help maintain peace and the balance of power but lacked an armed force to ensure this. aIt was an unsuccessful attempt at collective security.
Collective Security	The theory that if one nation is attacked that all the other countries will react in opposition to the aggressor nation. It was the basis of the League of Nations.
War Guilt Clause	Germany was forced to take complete responsibility for starting World War I. This simply served to anger the Germans and ensure that they would seek revenge.
War reparations	Germany was told to pay 132 billion gold marks to the Allies under the Treaty of Versailes because of the damage they had caused during World War I.
King James I	He granted the Royal Charter in 1606 to the Virginia Company of London in order to create the American colonies.
Virginia Company of London	This joint stock company was founded by a group of merchants, knights and gentlemen so that they could obtain land in America. They were granted their Royal Charter in 1606 by King James I.
Royal Charter	Was granted to the Virginia Company of London by King James I in 1606, legitimizing any incorporated body to obtain land and giving the monarch's approval.
Jamestown, 1607	The first English colonists were brought to this military outpost by Captain John Smith.
John Smith	Captain of the ship that brought the first English colonists to Jamestown in 1607. and leader of the Virginia Colony based at Jamestown.
Pocahontas	Daughter of Powhatan, she "saved" John Smith's life and later helped to spread tobacco through Europe when she moved to England with husband John Rolfe.
Powhatan	He was the chief of 14,000 Algonquin Natives. He was initially hostile towards the Europeans, with the capture of John Smith, but he came to have a peaceful and distant relationship with the settlers and eventually saved them from starvation in the winter
Starving Time	It occurred in the winter of 1609 in Virginia and only 60 out of the original 500 settlers survived.
John Rolfe	Was responsible for introducing tobacco to Virginia, which changed the colony from one of aimless adventures into a society of dedicated planters.
Tobacco	Also known as the Stinking Weed, this crop changed the colony of Virginia drastically and its production led to indentured servants and eventually slaves.
Indentured Servants	People who were paid to come to Virginian for a 5 year term as a servant in return for land and food.
House of Burgesses	The first elected legislative assembly in the New World which established English Common Laws similar to British Parliament.
Opechancanough uprising, 1622	After Powhatan's death, his brother takes power and leads a rebellion against the colonists.
Royal Colony, 1624	Opechancanough's uprising led to a royal investigation which made Virginia into this type of colony, a colony that was subject to the royal government and governor.
Lord Baltimore	He was the founder of Maryland in 1634
Maryland	A Catholic settlement founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore which enacted the Toleration Act of 1649; one of the first laws that explicitly dictated religious tolerance
Headright	In order to solve labour shortages, 50 to 100 acres of land were granted to anyone who would pay the transportation costs of a servant to the new colonies.
Opechancanough's 2nd Uprising, 1644	500 Virginian colonists were killed by Indians in this event.
Navigation Acts, 1660	This requires tobacco to be shipped to English ports and assessed custom tax. Merchant theory.
Carolina founded 1663	Earliest settlers came from Barbados. John Colleton and 7 others received a Charter from Charles II for their help in his restoration. It's capital Charles Towne, was named after Charles II.
Bacon's Rebellion	An event led by a man who was unhappy with elite government and angry towards Indian settlement. He was arrested, but his followers used force to free him.
Pilgrims	Separatists who sought to withdraw from the Church of England because they felt it had become unpure. They first moved to Holland but realized they could not worship as they wanted, so later obtained permission to settle in America.
Mayflower Compact	The day the pilgrims arrived to America on The Mayflower, they signed this agreement in which they promised to enact and obey necessary and just laws.
William Bradford	Prominent leader of the pilgrims who became governor of Plymouth.
Puritanism	Extreme conservative reformers who wanted to create a pure society and to separate from the Anglican Church because they saw Henry VIII as corrupt and unjust.
Massachusetts Bay Company	English chartered company that established the Massachusetts Bay colony in New England.
John Winthrop	Wanted an utopian society(City upon a Hill) that would be idolized by the rest of the world. He also thought each family should mirror hierarchy among all god's creatures, know as the "Little Commonwealth."
Roger Williams	An extreme puritan who arrived to New England in 1631, denouncing it as unpure, ungodly, and thought religion and government should be separate. He believed in religious tolerance, so started the colony of Rhode Island where such a practice was possible.
Anne Hutchinson	She preached ideas that ran counter to the government's beliefs in New England, thus was proclaimed a dissenter and excommunicated by the Church of Boston, ultimately moving to New York.
Thomas Hooker	He disagreed with Winthrop and argued that men and women who lived godly lives should be admitted to the church even if they had not experienced conversion. He left for Connecticut with other 800 people in 1636
Halfway Covenant	Unconverted children of saints would be permitted to become halfway church members. Infants could be baptized but they could not participate in communion or have the voting privileges of church membership
Quakers	Called the Society of Friends, their beliefs were different from orthodox Puritanism (they believed all people are equal in God's eyes). Believed in William Penn's idea of the holy experiment.
Salem Witch Trials	Was proof of the faltering of the strength of religion in the Northern Colonies. Needing scapegoats to blame for the religious problems in New England.
New Amsterdam	A small settlement that had been established by the Dutch on the southern tip of Manhattan island, becoming a center of trade in New Netherlands.
New Netherlands	The Dutch American colony, situated on Manhattan Island. It did not attract many European immigrants, but was still a diverse colony despite the small number of immigrants. In 1664, this colony became New York under Charles II instead of a Dutch colony
Propriety Colonies	A colony given to an individual group (Pennsylvania and New Jersey)
Pennsylvania	This state was founded by William Penn, a prominent English Quaker, in order to make a Quaker colony in America. This state's capital was very ethnically diverse, and rivaled NY as a centre of commerce.
The Navigation Acts of 1650, 1651, 1660	Imposed regulations on American trade: all colonial goods imported to England were required to be transported by English ships using mostly English crew and it stated that specific colonial goods could only be shipped to England or other English colonies
The Staple Act, 1663	Another regulation on colonial trade that required all goods imported from the colonies to pass through an English port. This greatly affected the Southern tobacco economy.
King Phillip's War	A war that broke out as a result of the English settler's encroachment on Indian lands. The Indians wrecked over 20 American settlements and war left the Americans with a hatred of Indians, a devastated frontier and a large war debt.
Benjamin Franklin	Statesman, publisher, inventor, patriot known for writing "Poor Richard's Almanac", kept France on America's side during the Revolutionary War, American representative to England and Minister to France.
Pennsylvania	￢ﾀﾜThe best poor white-man's country,￢ﾀﾝ this state was founded by William Penn and was originally a quaker-dominated society.
Atlantic Slave Trade	The selling of African slaves by Europeans that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and brought over to the New World. Some captured through raids and kidnapping, others traded.
The Great Awakening	A religious revitalization that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion. It came from powerful preaching that aimed to convince listeners of their personal guilt and of their need of salvation.
Loyalists	People who still had ties to Great Britain and remained faithful to their former country, often experiencing discrimination as a result.
Quakers	William Penn lead these people to settle in Pennsylvania for religious freedom.
Puritans	Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms in order to purify the Church of England. Founded Massachusetts.
Stono Rebellion	In 1739, as many as 100 enslaved African and African Americans living within twenty miles of Charleston joined forces to strike down their white owners and march en masse toward Spanish Florida and freedom. More than 60 whites and 30 slaves died.
Continental Association	A mechanism created by the 1st Continental Congress to enforce a boycott against British trade. Local groups monitored & confronted commerce violators.The groups had no formal authority but were accepted as legitimate governmental bodies by many Americans
Coercive Acts	Response to the Boston Teaparty. The acts suspended civil govt. in Mass., closed the Boston harbor, allowed royal officials trial in England, & mandated the civilian quartering of British troops.
Daughters of Liberty	Female patriots who emerged in the boycotts of British goods. These women showed that women could play a role in the public sphere.
Nonconsumption agreements	Boycotts of British goods in response to Townshend duties. These gave women an opportunity to express their political affiliations because they relied on women's willingness to manufacture at home what they had previously purchased readymade.
Townshend duties	Taxes on tea, glass, lead, paper and paint levied in 1767. The duties were in the tradition of the Navigation Acts, levying taxes on imported goods. They caused colonial ire because they were intended to raise revenue rather than regulate trade.
Stamp Act Congress	Oct 1765, delegates from 9 colonial assemblies came together in the wake of protests against the Stamp Act in hopes of issuing a challenge to parliamentary authority to protest against the concept of virtual representation.
Sons of Liberty	A group formed to protest the Stamp Act by Boston shopkeepers and craftsmen under the leadership of Samuel Adams. They defied the Stamp Act by street demonstrations that convinced the Massachusetts stamp distributor to resign.
Sugar Act	AKA Revenue Act of 1764, it was an attempt to fund the huge British war debt by regulating smuggling & customs collections. Also lowered the duty on French molasses. It led to ugly confrontations at port cities & annoyed shippers.
Treaty of Paris	1763, an agreement that ended French Indian war: England gained Canada, all of N.America east of the Mississippi. Despite British victory, the French kept the Caribbean islands and English returned Cuba to Spain. Indians land claims were totally ignored.
Albany Plan of Union	B. Franklin proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies that greatly exceeded the scope of the congress. However, after considerable debate, and modifications proposed by Thomas Hutchinson (later Governor of Massachusetts), it was passed unanimously.
Virtual representation	Idea that Br. govt represented all Br. subjects, argued that Stamp Act & other colonial taxes didn't constitute taxation w/o representation. Colonists rejected this, saying that political reps held authority only from citizens' consent through elections.
Lexington and Concord	The locations of the first fighting of the revolutionary war, which broke out on April 19, 1775.
Currency Act	A piece of British legislation that prohibited the printing of paper money in the colonies. This enraged the colonists and was another catalyst to the Revolutionary War.
Virginia Resolves	7 resolutions debated by House of Burgesses(1765) argued that the V. assembly had the sole right to tax Virginians and that taxes originating outside of V. weren't legit. These didn't pass, but were widely reported in news, encouraging further resistance.
Declaratory Act	Legislation passed by parlmnt March 1766, just as the Stamp Act was repealed. Stated parlmnt￢ﾀﾙs right to legislate for colonies ￢ﾀﾜin all cases whatsoeve,￢ﾀﾝ confirming parlmnts authority and showing the colonists that parlmnt upheld the power to tax.
Committees of Correspondence	Bodies formed by colonial assemblies in the aftermath of the Gaspee incident to link the colonies and pass on news of British misdeeds. They represented the first effort to create semiofficial links among the American colonial governments.
Lord Dunmore	Royal governor of Virginia at start of revolution, he threatened to arm slaves to defend Br. authority. He had no desire to free the slaves and showed the hypocrisy of planter's claims to liberty and their own slaveholding practices.
General Thomas Gage	The military governor of Massachusetts who, after the passage of the Coercive Acts, recommended repealing the acts but was ignored by political leaders in England.
Fort Necessity	Fort built by Washington/Virginian militia(1754) in the aftermath of a disastrous battle w/French in Ohio valley. French attacked the fort killing/wounding 1/3 of the fort's occupants,forcing Washington to surrender. 1st major battle of French Indian war.
Quartering Act (1765)	Colonists required to house Br. troops, not only in commercial and empty buildings but in occupied dwellings as well. The law was bitterly protested, symbolizing as it did to the colonists the potential dangers and abuses of standing armies.
The Paxton Boys	A group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen from around central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group in response to Pontiac's Rebellion. They felt that the government was negligent in providing them with protection, so took matters into own hands.
Second Continental Congress	Assembled in Philadelphia after the fighting at Lexington and Concord. Aimed to raise an army and explore reconciliation with England. However, the king was not receptive, and hopes for reconciliation faded. This perhaps foreshadowed war.
George Washington	Took charge of the new Continental Army immediately after Bunker Hill. His appointment showed England that there was widespread commitment to war beyond New England. It was a nation-wide effort.
Continental Army	Created by the Continental Congress to defend America. They fought battles at Bunker Hill, Fort Washington, and Fort Lee against the British. Women also served by cooking, washing, and nursing the wounded.
Bunker Hill	An early and bloody battle of the Revolution. Howe, the British General, decided to send 2,500 soldiers up the hill to face the Americans head-on. Only on the third assault were the British able to claim the hill; thus, it was a British victory.
Olive Branch Petition	An appeal to the king written by John Dickinson. It affirmed loyalty to the monarchy and blamed all troubles on the Parliament. However, the king rejected this appeal, calling the Americans rebels and traitors, thus increasing hostility.
Thomas Paine	Wrote Common Sense, an early push for independence. Absurdities of the monarchy, among other things, were discussed in the pamphlet, and thousands of copies were sold in the first few weeks.
Declaration of Independence	An act of the Second Continental Congress. Written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson, it explained the justifications for breaking away.
Thomas Jefferson	Principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804￢ﾀﾓ1806) and the failed Embargo Act of 1807.
General Howe	An English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War. His record in the war was marked by the unsuccessful attempt to capture Boston and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia.
The Battle of Long Island	The first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the United States Declaration of Independence. Though British forces, under Howe, overtook this island, George Washington and his Continental Army were able to escape capture.
The Christmas Battle of Trenton	Washington's quick capture of unsuspecting German soldiers. This restored the sagging morale of the patriot side. The battle preceded another successful capture of British units and supplies at Princeton.
Philadelphia Ladies' Association	A group of women from prominent families who went a step beyond political talk to action. Founded in 1780, they went door to door collecting money to help support the Continental soldiers.
Fort Ticonderoga	1777 - General Burgoyne of Britain captured this fort, an early step of a three-pronged British strategy to defeat the Americans.
Battle of Saratoga	American victory in the Revolutionary war. After this battle the French decided to support the Americans against the British.
General Gates	American General who captured Saratoga.
Muskets	The weapon of choice in the 18th century for larger game and warfare purposes.
The Treaty of Paris	The final official peace treaty that was signed on September 2nd, 1783, ending the War in America. However, Indian concerns were once again overlooked.
Benedict Arnold	An American traitor. Britain￢ﾀﾙs southern strategy was a success partly due to this man secretly passing on American troop movement information to the British.
Certificates of debt	An IOU promising repayment with interest. The Congress decided to borrow hard money from the wealthy and give them this IOU, in an attempt to solve economical problems.
General Charles Cornwallis	A British General who defeated American troops, under Gates, at Camden. He continued to push north and win battles in Virginia. What finally overthrew him was the combined French and American army who bombarded his fortifications at Yorktown.
The southern strategy	Was proposed by the king to capture the Southern colonies first. He thought that there were many loyalists in the South, making them easy to capture. However, they were not loyal at all, which ultimately would lead to Britain's defeat.
Richard Stockton	He argued that the colonies should be represented in the Parliament. With the passage of the Stamp Act, such arguments were overcome by colonial backlash. In 1774 he was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. In 1776, the New Jersey delegat
Joseph Brant (Thayendanega)	A Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolutionary War. In 1775, he traveled to London with the new British Superintendent for Northern Indian affairs. Helped negotiate the Paris Peace Treaty that ended the war.
General John Burgoyne	A British general and playwright. During the Revolutionary War, on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 6,000 men. The success was the greatest the colonists had yet gained, and it proved the turning-point in the war.
Militias	Groups of citizens called on to fight in times of battle. Fought in much of the Revolutionay War, especially the residental battles.
Alexander Hamilton	An Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. A leader in calling the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787 and one of the two leading authors of the Federalist Papers.
White Eyes	Leader of the Indians of Coshocton (A Delaware tribe) during the Amer. Rev. He was a strong leader who negotiated many treaties. His mysterious death in 1778 may have been a murder covered up by the US.
King George III	King of England 1760-1820. Unpopular with the American Revolutionists, he imposed many taxes and tried to control the US from a distance.
Battle of Kings Mountain	An important Patriot victory in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Frontier militia overwhelmed the loyalist militia. 698 Loyalists surrendered after many killed and injured.
Treasonable Acts	Actions that denied acts of Treason.
Hessians	During the Revolutionary War, the British hired 30,067 of conscripted subjects of Germany to fight aganist the patriots. Most came from the Hesse-Kassel area of Germany.
Valley Forge	The place where Washington and his troops spent the winter from 1777-1778. He and his troops suffered, but he also used the time to build loyalty and morale.
Battle of Camden	An important battle in the of the American Revolutionary War. On August 16, 1780, British forces under Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis routed the American forces of Major General Horatio Gates about six miles (10 km) north of Camden, South Carolina.
The Federalist, number 10	James Madison's revolutionary argument that republican government did not have to be small-scale but would in fact benefit from a large and diverse population
Three-fifths clause	The agreement that settled the issue of what constituted the population for the purposes of representation, specifically whether slaves counted as property of as people.
Anti-federalists	Opposed the Constitution. Feared the new govt would be corrupt. Objected the Constitution￢ﾀﾙs lack of a bill of rights. From rural areas, had suspicion of eastern elites. Strong in states like New York with a strong economy that could remain independent.
Federalists	Supporters of the Constitution. They were opposed to the confederation concept. They had positive Revolutionary-era associations and forced the supporters￢ﾀﾙ opponents to take on a negative-sounding designation.
The Great Compromise	This broke the logjam over whether representation be apportioned by population or given equally to each state, regardless of size. This based the number of delegates to the House of Representatives on pop. and gave each state two delegates in the Senate.
New Jersey Plan	The central government suggested by delegates from the smaller states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and New Hampshire. This plan called for a plural presidency and a stronger national Congress in which each state would have one vote.
Virginia Plan	James Madison's plan for a new central government. It repudiated the principle of a confederation of states and set out a three-branch government with the power to veto state legislation and coerce states militarily to obey national laws.
Second Continental Congress	A body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of several colonies which met from 1775 to 1781. That Congress had provided that they would meet to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the Intolerable Acts.
Articles of Confederation	This was the first governing document of the US. It was adopted as binding the states in a loose confederation, a nation capable of making war, negotiating diplomatic agreements, and resolving issues regarding the western territories.
Emancipation	The act of freeing from slavery or bondage. This was a goal shared by slaves and abolitionists alike and occurred with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.
Republicanism	The belief that the unworkable model of European-style monarchy be replaced with a form of government where supreme power resides in the hands of citizens with the right to vote and is exercised by a representative government answerable to this electorate
Suffrage	The right to vote. This is most often associated with the efforts of American women to secure voting rights.
George Mason	He was a United States patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. He is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights."
Checks and Balances	Under this model the state is divided into branches, and each branch of the state has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. Each branch is also able to place specified restraints on the powers exerted by the other branches.
Northwest Ordinance	This document was an act of the Continental Congress of the US. The effect was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River,
Shay's Rebellion	An armed uprising in western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 by rebels, led by Daniel Shays, known as Shaysites (or "Regulators"), who were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes.
States' Rights	A strict interpretation of the Constitution that holds that federal power over states is limited and states hold ultimate sovereignty.
The United States Constitution	The supreme law of the United States of America. It was adopted in its original form on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and later ratified by state-selected delegates representing the people of the several
Bill of Rights	The commonly used term for the first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution.
The Market Revolution	A period of great economic change due to the industrial revolution where the concept of supply and demand became very prominent. Additionally, better transportation methods became available and a larger city population was formed.
Robert Fulton	Inventor of the steamboat, which greatly improved transportation and transformed the transportation methods of this era.
Lowell Massachusetts	A town that centralized cloth production, created by the Boston entrepreneurs. Women flocked to this town because of the work. Close moral supervision of the female workers was carried out in dormitories. Led to a dramatic change in the roles of women.
Andrew Jackson	Nicknamed "Old Hickory", he was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837). A great war general and hero, he won the Elections of 1828 and 1832. He is best known for his Trail of Tears.
Panic of 1819	A depression caused by banks calling in loans, leading to an extreme shortage of cash. This lack of cash created a cycle of booms and busts in the economy. A similar depression ensued in Europe.
Whigs	A new political party that emerged in 1830s, made of liberators, reformers, business people, and middle class citizens. This party defied past political ideals, and took government into a new era of political campaigning.
Democrats	Jackson's very conservative political party whose opposition was the Whigs. In the 1830's, the new country had solidified its political parties down to two main parties, this party being one of them.
Election of 1828	The first election that was determined by popular votes. New campaign styles- rallies, picnics, banquets, newspapers, increased media coverage. The politicians not only aimed to boost themselves, but cut down opponents.
President of the "common man"	The way Jackson portrayed himself during the election and his tenure, offering unprecedented hospitality to the public. Led to him winning the election of 1828 and implementing "Jackson's Democratic Agenda" during his presidency.
Jackson's Democratic Agenda	Included the re-settlement of Indians, rapid settlement of the nation's interior, exercising full presidential powers, and only appointing loyalists to government posts. This led to the Trail of Tears, and the settlement of the west.
Separate Spheres of Influence	The concept that men were the breadwinners and women's work belonged in the home, unseen by society.
Public Schooling	A realization that there should be more schooling, which tax payers paid for. Women were hired as teachers because they were cheaper then men, and this ultimately formed the traditional women's teaching role in society.
Popularity of theatres	Plays, dances, etc were more popular and accessible at this time. People could afford entertainment, so this industry boomed as the economy boomed. Leisure increases as there is a demand for downtime.
The Second Great Awakening	This was a re-awakening of faith and religion. Many people￢ﾀﾙs religious beliefs were renewed, and church membership doubled, especially in evangelical sects.
Charles Grandison Finney	He was a lawyer who converted to a minister. He was the leading religious minister of the 2nd great awakening. He targeted the business class. He spread the idea that the need for religion was widespread.
The American Temperance movement	Its leaders tried to moderate alcohol and sex. They wanted limited abuse, not total abolition.
Lyman Beecher	He founded the American Temperance Society in 1826, which raised alcohol abuse awareness. It held that drinking led to poverty, idleness, crime and family violence.
The Liberator	A newspaper founded in 1831 in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison that advocated immediate abolition. This newspaper was used to publicize the concerns of abolition.
William Lloyd Garrison	The man who founded The Liberator in order to abolish slavery completely. This was the beginning of the voicing of concern for the blacks.
Abolitionists	People who were against slavery. Women outnumbered men in this group. It created a huge rift in American society.
Jackson's Indian Policy	This policy saw the Indians as a problem that needed to be solved. Led to the Indian Removal act of 1830 and created economic, social, and political disadvantages and problems for Indians.
Indian Removal Act of 1830	Jackson￢ﾀﾙs $500,000 plan to relocate Indians west of the Mississippi River. It lowered Indian numbers in the east and created much strife, which would continue for generations to come.
Worcester v. Georgia	A court case between the Cherokee Indians and the State of Georgia. The supreme court found that the Cherokees were not subject to federal law. Jackson ignored this ruling and relocated them.
Trail of Tears	Jackson ordered troops to deport the Indians under armed guard so that they would march 1200 miles away from their homes. Jackson overruled the Supreme Court, the Indians were deported and many died, yet the Americans continued to forage west.
Tariff of Abominations	A tax on British manufactured goods that particularly hurt South Carolina. Calhoun believed that this tariff proved that Congress had overstepped its limits. He suggested nullification.
John C. Calhoun	A South Carolinan who was against the Tariff of Abominations and therefore drew up a statement called Nullification suggesting that states could veto any federal laws that were unconstitutional.
Nullification	This was an idea that stated that the states should have the right to abolish decisions put in place by Congress. It is the first step towards secession and the civil war.
The Bank War	This was a dispute between the Bank of the United States and President Jackson because the bank wanted to renew its charter but Jackson vetoed it. Although Jackson was strongly exerting his federal powers, he was still re-elected.
Specie Circular	After the Bank of United States is closed Jackson only allowed land to be bought with Gold and Silver instead of credit. It is a major contributor to the Panic of 1837.
Panic of 1837	An economic depression, one of the most severe financial crises in the history of the United States. Brought about by Jackson's policies. It was the demise of the Martin Van Buren presidency.
Martin Van Buren	President of United States, Democrat, inaugurated 1836, nicknamed "Old Kinderhook." He came to office one month before the Panic of 1837, and was blamed for it, destroying any chance of his reelection.
William Henry Harrison	An American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. Gained fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
American System	The mechanization and manufacturing idea of interchangeable parts and the separate assembly line. This method started with guns, then watches, and soon many facets of American society were made like this.
Free Labor	This was a system of labor in which there were no slaves. Spokesmen celebrated hard work, self-reliance, and independence, affirming the egalitarian vision of human potential.
Potato blight	Spread across Europe in the 1840's. It caused many deaths and many immigrants to come to the U.S in search of food and a better life.
Manifest destiny	This was the "God-given" right of white people to spread their civilization across the continent. It was fueled by national pride, racial arrogance, and potential for economic gain.
Underground railroad	A network of secret tunnels by which African slaves in 19th century United States attempted to escape to free states, to places such as Canada and Mexico or overseas. It is estimated that between 30,000 and 100,000 people escaped enslavement.
Singing plow	Invented in 1837 by John Deere, strong and smooth, it sliced through the prairie very cleanly. John Deere's company became the leading manufacturer of this product in the Midwest.
Fort Laramie, Wyoming	In 1851 Plains tribes were called to this fort for a conference. About ten thousand Indians showed up, hoping that something could be done to protect them from the ravages of the wagon trains.
"Mr. Polk's War"	Whig party's name for the Mexican/American war. Whigs were very antiwar and antislavery. They saw this war as an unjustified war brought on by the president for selfish reasons.
"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	Democratic pledge that the US owned the land from Oregon to Alaska's southern border. It was muted by Polk, who didn￢ﾀﾙt want war w/ the Brits over Canada while war w/ Mexico over Texas. He eventually made the Canada/US border at the 49th parallel.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	February 2, 1848, American and Mexican officials signed this agreement. Mexico agrees to give up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and to cede the provinces of New Mexico and California.
Transcendentalists	A group of New England writers who believed that individuals should not conform to the materialistic world or to some abstract notion of religion. Instead they urged people to look inside themselves for truth and guidance.
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments	Signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, delegates to the first women's rights convention, now known to historians as the 1848 Women's Rights Convention. The principal author was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and it followed the form of the Declaration of Indepen.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty	An agreement signed August 9, 1842 between American Secretary of State Daniel Webster and United Kingdom Privy Counselor Lord Ashburton. It settled the dispute over the Maine-New Brunswick border and the shared use of the Great Lakes.
Nueces River	Mexico recognized this to be historically the border of Texas and Mexico, but the Republic of Texas claimed the Rio Grande was its border. The dispute continued and was one of the causes of the Mexican-American War.
Samuel F.B. Morse	An inventor who created a code of dots and dashes that represented letters and number. This invention provided quick and instant messages that could be sent over huge distances and greatly improved communication.
Buena Vista	February 1847, a battle was fought between American and Mexican forces. Even though the Americans were outnumbered 14,000-to-5, 000, they defeated the Mexicans under the leadership of Zachary Taylor.
James G. Birney	An American presidential candidate for the Liberty Party in the 1840 and 1844 elections. An abolitionist and agent for The National Colonization Society of America, which worked to send slaves to Liberia. After that he sought to end slavery peacefully.
Free-labor ideal	Described a social and economic ideal that accounted for both the success and the shortcoming of the economy, as well as society taking shape in North America. Leaders celebrated hard work, self-reliance, and independence.
Joint occupation	Both Britain and the U.S. laid claim to Oregon; in 1818, the two countries agreed to allow both to settle the area. Oregon was therefore declared ￢ﾀﾜfree and open.￢ﾀﾝ
Ranchos	Large private ranches that were hundreds of kilometers squared, located in Alta California. Only about 50 were granted by the Spanish.
Coffin ships	Ships that carried Irish emigrants escaping the terrible conditions caused by the potato famine. Many passengers died due to a rough vogage.
John Humphrey Noyes	Leader of Oneido, he believed that wives were property, and that if you lived in a ￢ﾀﾜsaved￢ﾀﾝ community you could have sexual relations with anyone in the town.
Squatting	The act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or building that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have permission to use.
John Tyler	Became president in 1841, he was normally a Whig, but made democratic decisions. Wanted protective tariffs,a national bank, and internal improvements.
Deseret	The Mormons called their "kingdom" (home) by this name after they were forced to move to Salt Lake City. The word literally means "honeybee" in the language of the Jaredites.
Veracruz	Polk and Genreal Scott staged a landing at this place on the Gulf Coast in order to launch a campaign to conquere Mexican territories.
Fourierists	A community that maintained communal ownership of property and attempted to found a utopian society near Dallas, Texas.
Brigham Young	After the death of Joseph Smith, the Mormons turned to this man to lead their ￢ﾀﾜembattled church.￢ﾀﾝ He immediately planned an exodus from Illinois to the Great Salt Lake.
Bear Flag Revolt	1846, US settlers prompted by John C. Fremont marched into the town of Sonoma, CA, and raised a flag with a bear and star to rebel against the Mexican province of CA, the ￢ﾀﾜBear Flag Republic.￢ﾀﾝ The revolt lead to CA becoming part of the U.S.
Oregon Trail	One of the longest overland migration routes, it was the trail pioneers traveled from 1841-1869 to settle new land and implement manifest destiny. It Spanned 2,170 miles west from Missouri to Oregon.
Frederick Douglass	Abolitionist and former slave who lectured audiences throughout the North about the cruelties of slavery. One of the greatest and most influential abolisionists of the time.
Henry Highland Garnet	An African American abolitionist, orator and minister. He was the first black minister to preach to the U.S. House of Representatives. Proclaimed in 1843 that slaves should rise against their masters.
General Santa Anna	Mexican leader who threw out the constitution and tried to get rid of Americans in Texas. He attacked the Alamo in Texas and was defeated by Houston & his troops. He was captured and forced to sign treaty in which he granted independence to Texas.
Attack on Veracruz	As a result of Mexico￢ﾀﾙs refusal to apologize for arresting American sailors, Polk sent Marines to seize this Mexican port.
Sam Houston	General of the Texas army, he named the capital after him when Texas became a state. Twice elected president of the Republic of Texas, he led Texans to defeat Mexican general Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River in 1836.
Battle of Buena Vista	Led by Zachory Taylor, this battle was an attempt to capture several Mexican cities. It was victory for Americans, and ended the Mexican-American war.
Stephen F. Austin	(November 3, 1793 ￢ﾀﾓ December 27, 1836), known as the "Father of Texas," led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States. The Texan capital is named after him.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A social activist and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention in 1848, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and suffrage movement.
California Gold Rush	Started in January 1848 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, CA. As news of the discovery spread, some 300,000 people came to California from the rest of the United States and abroad in search of wealth and a promise for a better life.
Zachary Taylor	Military leader, the 12th President, and known as "Old Rough and Ready." He served in the War of 1812, Black Hawk War, and Second Seminole War after achieving fame while leading U.S. troops to victory at many critical battles of the Mexican-American War.
Nat Turner	A black slave living in Virginia who, in 1831, killed fifty-seven whites along with his co-conspirators before they were caught and either killed or arrested.
Plantation masters	They dominated slaves and everyone else, including wives and children.
Plantation Mistresses	Their lives generally centered around the home where (according to the South's social ideal) they served as companions and hostesses for their husbands, and as nurturing mothers for their children.
Yeomen	A typical white Southerner who was not a wealthy planter and slaveholder but a modest farmer who owned his own land and did not have slaves.
Plantation Belt Yeomen	These small farmers, who grew food crops and cotton, depended on the local plantation aristocracy, who allowed them access to plantation gins and baling machines, helped them ship and sell their cotton, and extended a helping hand in all kinds of ways.
Upcountry Yeomen	The hilly geography and lack of transportation limited the prosperity of these farmers. They worked in family units, and tasks were often divided according to gender. They devoted their efforts to growing subsistence crops as well as a little cotton.
Poor Whites	These people supported themselves by farming on rented land or by working for wages. Like planters, they would fight to defend their honor, but their fights were more violent and chaotic than a gentleman's duel.
Mason-Dixon line	The line on a map that divided north from south.
George Fitzhugh	He argued that the Northern labor system rested on the heartless exploitation of workers.
Paternalism	The belief that the Southern slave system was a set of reciprocal obligations between masters and slaves.
Chivalry	The southern ideal of honour that assumed women were weak and subordinate to men.
Denmark Vesey	A free black carpenter who allegedly planned to storm Charleston's arsenal, capture its weapons, kill whites who resisted, and set fire to the city.
William Ellison	A free black South Carolinian who earned a fortune making cotton gins, then became a prosperous planter and slave owner.
Wilmot Proviso	Modelled after the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, it would have forbade slavery from any territory acquired from Mexico. The amendment passed in the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate.
Henry Clay	He helped heal the North/South rift by aiding the institution of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.
Fugitive Slave Act	The most controversial element of the Compromise of 1850, it ensured the return of runaway slaves to their masters.
Compromise of 1850	Called for the admission of California as a free state, for the abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its establishment was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.
Uncle Tom's Cabin	America's first literary blockbuster, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Franklin Pierce	The Democratic presidential candidate in 1852, he was a Northerner with Southern sympathies.
The Know-Nothing Party	An anti-foreign, anti-Catholic political party that arose following massive Irish and Catholic immigration during the late 1840s. They opposed immigration and Catholic influence, and answered questions about the party by saying, "I know nothing."
John C. Fremont	In the 1856 presidential election, Republicans adopted a platform that focused on keeping slavery out of the territories and nominated this man for president.
Benjamin R. Curtis	His rebuttal to the Dred Scott decision argued that Congress had the ability to legislate for the territories.
Abraham Lincoln	He believed that free blacks should be forced to leave the country because whites would not give them full civil and political rights.
Freeport Doctrine	Stephen A. Douglas's claim that settlers in the territories could effectively ban slavery by not passing laws to protect it.
John Brown	Violent abolitionist who wanted to free the slaves at all costs. He took matters into his own hands by leading a band of determined patriots on a mission to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry.
Jefferson Davis	Mexican War soldier, Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857), and President of the Confederate States of America.
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act	Controversial 1854 legislation that opened Kansas and Nebraska to white settlement, repealed the Compromise of 1820, and led opponents to form the Republican party.
"Bleeding Kansas"	Also known as the Kansas Border War. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped percipitate the Civil War.
Sumner-Brooks Affair	1856, Charles Sumner denounced the south for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.
Dred Scott	This Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made him a free man. The U.S Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Free-Soil Party	Political party formed in 1847 that was dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
Stephen A. Douglas	A moderate who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
1853 Gadsden Purchase	The purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.
Frederick Douglass	A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838 and became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.
The election of 1860	The event that pushed the South over the edge. Republicans saw their chance to win the presidency and nominated Lincoln against two Democratsic candidates, Douglas and Breckinridge. Lincoln won, resulting in the secession of Southern states
Abraham Lincoln	He was the republican candidate in the Election of 1860, won, and became president. President during the Civil War, he was a good leader because he didn't allow personal feelings to cloud his judgements, and let the generals do their job.
Secede	To withdraw from, pull-out. The withdrawal of 11 Southern states from the Union in 1860￢ﾀﾓ1861 precipitated the U.S. Civil War.
The Confederate States of America	The new organization of Southern slave states that seceded from The Union.
Jefferson Davis	First and only president of the Confederate States of America from 1861-1865. Was also 23rd Secretary of War for the United States from 1857-1857.
Fort Sumter	A federal fort located on a tiny island at the entrance to the Charleston harbour. The capture of this fort on April 14, 1861 marked the official beginning of the Civil War.
"Anaconda plan"	Was proposed in 1861 by Union General Winfield Scott to win the American Civil War with minimal loss of life, enveloping the Confederacy by a blockade at sea and control of the Mississippi River.
First Battle of Bull Run	Known to the South as the Battle of Manassas, it was a trial run for the North. The Union picked a fight with a Confederate army, but they were defeated when Confederate troops arrived. The North realized they needed to do more in order to win.
Robert E. Lee	Confederate General in the East who wasn't afraid of failure. He fought in the American- Mexican War, attended West Point, and was Instrumental in the Confederate's early success.
Ulysses S. Grant	Leading Union general in the American Civil War, he captured Vicksburg in 1863 and Richmond in 1865, accepting the surrender of Robert E. Lee at the Appomattox Courthouse.
Peninsula Campaign	A major Union operation launched in Southeastern Virginia in July 1862. The operation, commanded by Major General McClellan, was intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by circumventing the Confederate States in Northern Virginia.
George McClellan	The general who would never fight. Appointed by Lincoln, he replaced McDowell and commanded the Army of the Potomac. Lee overpowered him at the Yorktown peninsula.
Battle of Antietam	The bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. Although tactically inconclusive, it was enough of a victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation plan.
Battle of Shiloh	A battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. Confederate forces launched a surprise attack against Grant's army, but were eventually forced to retreat. Both sides were shocked at the carnage, 23,741 casualties.
Emancipation Proclamation	President Lincoln's declaration freeing all slaves in the seceding states on January 1, 1863.
Battle of Fredericksburg	One of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War. The Union Army suffered terrible casualties in futile frontal assaults against entrenched Confederate defenders, bringing to an end their campaign against the Confederate capital of Richmond.
Battle of Chancellorsville	Called General Robert E. Lee's "perfect battle". Attacking an army twice the size of his own, Lee inflicted a significant and embarrassing defeat on the North. Lee lost his best general, Stonewall Jackson, who was killed by friendly fire.
Battle of Gettysburg	A turning point victory for the North. Lee's army was decimated when he attempted a direct assaut against the Union center on Cemetary Ridge. It was Lee's last attempt to launch an offensive against the North.
Vicksburg	This city fell in July 1863, after a lengthy siege by General Grant. This effectively divided the Confederacy and was a turning point in the war.
General Sherman	He served as general in the U.S Army during the American Civil War, receiving both recognition for his outstanding leadership and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" (March to the Sea) policies he conducted against the South.
Appomattox Courthouse	April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee met Ulysses S. Grant here to discuss the condtions of the Confederate surrender. It came because they were out of food, supplies, determination, and healthy men who could fight.
John Wilkes Booth	A confederate sympathizer (and a well-known stage actor of the time) who was unhappy with the outcome of the Civil War. He assinated President Abraham Lincon on April 14th, 1865 while Lincon was watching a play.
Andrew Johnson	The seventeenth President of the United States (1865￢ﾀﾓ1869), who took office upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Reconstruction	The attempt to resolve the issues of the American Civil War after both the Confederacy and slavery were destroyed. It was also the era that addressed the return the Southern states that had seceded, and ways to return national unity to the country.
1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	President Lincoln's reconstruction plan it offered full pardons to rebels who would denounce secession and accept the abolition of slavery. Lincoln was interested in restoring the Union, not punishing the rebels. It included his 10% plan.
10% Plan	Linclon's reconstruction plan where former Confederate States would be allowed back into the Union when 10 percent of the voters took the oath of allegiance. No mention of civil rights for blacks, nor diany provision for federal assistance to freedmen.
The Wade-Davis Bill	A proposed reconstruction plan that required half of all voters to take the oath of allegiance. Less forgiving than Lincoln's reconstruction plan. It did not make any mention of black voting rights, an exclusion that angered many radicals.
Freedmen	Former black slaves who were now free.
Freedmen's Bureau	Government agency created to look after the recently freed slaves.
President Johnson's reconstruction plan	A reconstuction plan whose demands on former rebels were so modest that many Republicans argued they insulted the memory of dead Union soldiers. Did not force southern legislatures to extend any rights to blacks.
The 1866 Civil Rights Act	A congressional measure designed to nullify the black codes by affirming the rights of blacks to enjoy the same laws and privileges that applied to whites.
Fourteeth Amendment	It fixed the provisios of the Civil Rights Bill and granted full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
Johnson's Response to the Fourteenth Amendment	A recommendation that southern states reject the amendment. Southerners' decisions to follow this advice helped fan the fury of even Moderate Republicans.
Fifteenth Amendment	It guaranteed that no one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
Sharecropping	Freedmen rented land from white landowners in exchange for a share of the year's crop. This gave blacks greater control over their daily lives but they were still dependence on white landowners, who could expel them at the end of each growing season.
President Grant	He was never sure about his presidential objectives, and his leadership in office was tentative. He never chose his advisors wisely, and his dubious appointments resulted in a string of scandals.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875	Outlawed racial discrimination in transportation, public accommodations, and juries. Federal authorities had little time to enforce this law, leaving segregated facilities untouched throughout the South.
The Compromise of 1877	Democrats agreed to support Rutherford B. Hayes's as president in exchange for the withdrawal of all federal troops in the South thus ending Reconstruction.
Thirteenth Ammendment	In 1865 it freed all slaves and abolished slavery.
Black Codes	Southern states adopted a series of laws which were intended to keep blacks subordinate to whites.
1867 Military Reconstruction Act	When President Johnson vetoed this Act which installed military rule in the south, Congress responded by overriding the veto the same day.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton	American feminits who objected to the language of both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because the legislation extended citizenship status and voting rights to black men but not to women.
The Supreme Court's 1873 Slaughterhouse cases	The Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment protected only those rights given by the federal government. This allowed the States to enforce the Black Codes and prompted the creation of the 15th Ammendment.
carpetbaggers	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners.
Ku Klux Klan	Argued that violence was a reasonable response to reconstruction politics. They worked to defeat reconstruction measures and restore white supremacy to the south.
United States v. Cruikshank	declared that Congress could legislate only against discrimination committed by states.
Rutherford B. Hayes	His failure to win a majority in the electoral college cast the outcome of the 1876 presidential election into doubt.
scalawags	A slang term for native-born southern Republicans after the Civil War. They were often seen as Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.
President Andrew Johnson	A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.
Jay Gould	He made money by purchasing enough stock in vulnerable, failing railroad companies to take control of them, and then threatening to undercut his competitors, forced them to buy him out at a high profit. The railroads he bought often went bankrupt.
John D. Rockefeller	He used the trust, a form of horizontal integration, to give his monopoly a more secure legal standing.
John Pierpont Morgan	During the depression of the 1890s, he saved the United States from going bankrupt with his plan for private bankers to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the treasury.
Gilded Age	A name created by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age. The fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including poverty, increased crime, and corruption in government.
Stalwarts	A Republican faction that remained loyal to the Grant administration and were tainted by its corruption.
Half-Breeds	Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
Mugwumps	Northeasterners who felt that the nation should be put in the hands of honest, competent men like themselves. Their primary goal was to abandon the spoils system and replace it with a professional civil service.
Andrew Carnegie	He used vertical integration which allowed him to control every aspect of his steel business, from the mining of ore to its transport to factories to the production of steel. No one outside of his company made money from steel production.
Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner	These two men believed that Darwin's theory of natural selection could be seen in human society where the strong survived and the weak died out. They promoted the idea of Social Darwinism.
The Gospel of Wealth	Andrew Carnegie's 1889 book that states the rich should undertake philanthropic projects to benefit the poor. Carnegie donated many libraries around the country.
The Spoils System	The awarding of jobs for political purposes. The system allowed parties to reward voters, and also gave people the chance to get rich from public office and caused most respectable Americans to view the entire political system as sordid and corrupt.
President Garfield	Was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker who was motivated by political partisanship. Although Guiteau was mentally unbalanced, the press condemned the spoils system for creating the political climate that produced him.
Wabash v. Illinois	The Supreme Court ruled that because railroads crossed state boundaries, they could not be regulated by the states. Because more than three-fourths of all railroads crossed state lines, the decision made it virtually impossible for state railroad laws.
Thomas A. Edison	Inventor of the phonograph
Vertical integration	A business system pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the 1870's, in which all aspects of a business are under the control of a single person or corporation. Also called a monopoloy.
laissez-faire economics	A belief that the government ought not interfere in the economy at all. The true capitalist system.
Alexander Graham Bell	Inventor of the telephone
President U.S. Grant	Was personally honest, but not only tolerated financial and political corruption among top aides, but protected them once exposed. He gave all his relatives government jobs.
Black Friday	Two crooks named Gould and Fisk tried to buy up all the US gold. The attempt failed when Grant released government gold into the stock market. This caused the stock market to crash on Friday, Sept. 24, 1869.
Boss Tweed	A big crook who used bribery and rigged elections to stay in power in N.Y. Milking the government for millions, he is an example of the scandal that took place under the Grant administration.
Credit Mobilier	A company that built railroads at a high price. When their stocks rose they sold them for huge profit. They also bribed many congressmen and the vice president with shares of their stocks. Another scandal under the Grant administration.
Jim Crow Laws	Another name for the black codes.
Chinese Exclusion Act	Congress wanted to pass laws to prohibit the immigration of the Chinese to America, but Hayes vetoed it. Eventually, Congress passed the legislation anyway.
Cornelius Vanderbilt	Was one of America's biggest railroad builders. He made so much money that he left a fortune of over $100 million.
Early Labor Unions	National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor are example of these 19th century organizations designed to help workers.
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act	A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies. It prohibited contracts, combinations, and conspiracies in restraint of trade. Was used four times to outlaw unions, labeling them a "conspiracy in restraint of trade."
Benjamin Harrison	A Republican who ran against Cleveland and became the 23rd president. His administration, known as the "Billion-Dollar Congress," will probably be remembered most for its spending.
The Women's Crusade	This movement began in the Midwest and spread east in the winter of 1873-1874, set out to convince owners of saloons and other drinking establishments to stop selling alcohol to bar patrons.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act	Was meant to help farmers by increasong money supply, by having the governement buy millions of ounces of Silver, and causing inflation, which would then increase income to farmers from their crops.
McKinley Tariff Bill	Significantly raised the tariff on some foreign products and gave a subsidy, or financial assistance, to sugar producers. Part of the "Billion Dollar Congress"
Populist Party	Primarily a farmers' movement, this party wanted one term presidents, shorter workdays, limited immigration, a graduated income tax, unlimited silver money, and government ownership of railroads. Became a third party in the 1892 election.
Jacob Coxey	Because unemployment had hit all-time highs, a businessman from Ohio decided to raise an army of hundreds of thousands of unemployed to march on Washington to protest. Arriving with about 500 followers, he was promptly arrested for walking on the grass.
The Pullman Strike	A major strike of railroad workers that was put down by government troops who claimed they were interfering with the delivery of mail. Mobs of local people and strikers rioted and destroyed a great deal of property.
Monroe Doctrine Invoked	Was used when Britain became involved in a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana. It was a declaration that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization and expansion.
"Cross of Gold"	A speech given by William Jennings Bryan in which he argued for currency based on silver as well as gold, which would help the working people.
Yellow Journalism	Sensational and often exaggerated story-writing used to make more money by selling more papers. Used to gain public support for a war with Spain over Cuba.
USS Maine	Blew up in Havana Harbor, and 260 men were killed. It was probably an accident, but the Americans, thanks in no small part to yellow journalism, blamed the Spanish. One of the causes of the Spanish-American War.
Spanish-American War	Gave the United States control over the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines ,and Guam. Also gave them control over the process of independence of Cuba, which was completed in 1902. Part of 19th century American imperialism.
Teddy Roosevelt	26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for "speak softly and carry a big stick," and won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Annexation of Hawaii, 1898	Part of the collection of islands, which later became a state, that the US gained during the period of late 19th century imperialism.
Imperialism	The practice of one country extending its control over the territory, political system, or economic life of another country.
Panama Canal	Started by Teddy Roosevelt and finally completed in 1914, it created a sea route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The US had to support a revolution in Columbia in order to proceed with the plan.
Roosevelt Corollary	Formed in 1904 in response to the Dominican Republic Crisis, it said that if Latin-American nations got into any kind of trouble, especially financial trouble, the US would step in and fix things so that European powers would stay of out of the Americas.
Assassination of McKinley	Died at the hands of an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz who thought the president had too much power. Allowed Teddy Roosevelt to become president.
"Speak softly and carry a big stick"	A motto made famous by Teddy Roosevelt which meant that the US would try dipolomacy first, but if necessary, would take military action.
Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize	Awarded to this American President for effectively ending the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
Muckrakers	Journalists who made it their own personal quest to uncover as much social injustice as they could find. Their constant digging in the muck and mire of social injustice earned them this nickname.
WCTU / Anti-Saloon League	These organizations aggressively attacked the liquor industry. Many progressives, especially women, fought against the evils of alcohol and brougt attention to happenings in bars and saloons, as well as the unsavory behavior of intoxicated men
The Square Deal	Progressive plan launched by Teddy Roosevelt had three main goals: Some control and regulation of big business, protection of consumers against business, and conservation of the natural resources big industries were using at an alarming rate.
William Taft	The 27th President of the United States, a leader of the progressive wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration, and a staunch advocate of world peace that verged on pacifism. A big man 6 ft. tall 350 lb
Dollar Diplomacy	The US policy of sending dollars instead of guns into unstabe situations in foreign countries, especially in the Western Hemisphere. A policy introduced by William Taft.
The Progressives	A third party put forth by Teddy Roosevelt in the 1912 presidental election. This caused a split in the Republican votes which allowed Wilson to win the election for the Democrats.
Woodrow Wilson	The 28th President of the United States, he was a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era. He was not only an idealist but also a progressive, and was president during World War I.
Federal Reserve Act	One of the most important pieces of legislation in US history. It created a board made up of 12 districts each with a bank. The board could determine how much money would be put into circulation. This would go a long way toward economic stability.
Federal Trade Commission Act	It created an organization that had the power to investigate businesses, industries, and corporations to search for violations of federal antitrust laws. This act was created by Wilson to topple trusts.
The Clayton Act	It made shady business practises formally illegal. It also gave labor unions many rights, such as legal striking and picketing, as long as they remained peaceful.
Pancho Villa	An outlaw who tired to start a war between the US and Mexico by crossing into New Mexico and killing Americans. Wilson sent in General "Black Jack" Pershing to find him, but he avoided capture.
Gavrillo Princep	A Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and started World War I.
Isolationism	American policy to remain neutral during the first part of World War I.
The Lusitania	When German U-boats sunk this boat, killing 128 American civilians, many Americans became ready for the US to join the Allies in World War I.
Zimmerman telegram	It stated that if Mexico would ally itself with Germany and attack the US that it could have Texas, New Mexico and California back. A reason why many Americans supported joining World War I.

Created by: alfromcanada

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