| Description |
Term |
| belief in one god; Judaism is the first |
monotheism |
| belief in many gods; Hinduism |
polytheism |
| past deeds will determine the future; Hinduism |
karma |
| holy book of Judaism |
Torah |
| holy book of Islam |
Quran/Koran |
| holy book of Christianity |
The Bible (Old--from Judaism--and New Testament) |
| holy book of Hinduism |
Vedas |
| God's son Jesus is call the _________. |
messiah |
| Given to Moses on the mountain; rules to follow |
10 Commandments |
| holy war predicted by Muslims |
jihad |
| Christians belief of the father, son, and holy spirit |
trinity |
| Muslim belief: fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, alms to poor, and faith in Allah |
Five Pillars |
| Holy month for Muslims; no eating from sun up to sun down |
Ramadan |
| Hindu belief in many lives; can also apply to Buddhism |
reincarnation |
| class system for Hinduism; from untouchable to Brahmins |
caste system |
| Buddhist beliefs: suffering exists; material desires cause suffering; get rid of desires and no more suffering; reach nirvana |
Four Noble Truths |
| Buddhist belief--8 steps towards ending suffering |
Eightfold Path |
| Buddha; when you understand the meaning of life you have become ___________. |
Enlightened |
| ultimate goal for Buddhists is to reach __________. |
Nirvana |
| Religious war among German princes; Protestants vs. Catholics; ended with the Peace of Augsburg |
Thirty Years War |
| only Christian church during the Middle Ages in western Europe |
Catholic Church |
| speaking out against the Catholic Church; Galileo was accused of this and brought before the Inquisition |
heresy |
| Italian word for rebirth of Greek and Roman culture |
Renaissance |
| belief led by Erasmus; forcus on individual and study of the classical Greek and Roman culture |
humanism |
| invention which allowed the spread of the Renaissance and Reformation; developed by Gutenberg |
printing press |
| Catholics could buy these pardon from sins; Martin Luther hated these |
indulgences |
| merchants did not like the Catholic belief that you should not charge interest when lending money, also known as __________. |
usury |
| Luther nailed these on a church door; protests against the Catholic Church |
95 Theses |
| Calvin's belief that God has already chosen who would be let into heaven |
predestination |
| Church of England created by Henry VIII |
Anglican |
| Catholic church group that punished those who spoke out against the Church; condemned Galileo |
the Inquisition |
| Catholic attempt to stop people from leaving the church |
Counter-Reformation |
| group set up during the Catholic Counter-Reformation; tried to convert people to Catholism |
Jesuits |
| three reasons for exploration |
God, Glory, and Gold |
| to travel around the globe; first done by Magellan, then Drake |
circumnavigate |
| major trade product from Asia |
spices |
| Spanish conqueror like Cortez and Pizarro |
conquistador |
| European settlement; American was this to England |
colony |
| global trade between eastern and western hemispheres |
Columbian Exchange |
| slaves worked on these in the new world |
plantations |
| term for gold and silver during the Age of Exploration |
bullion |
| 3 legs of trade between Africa, New World, and Europe |
Triangular trade |
| leg of triangular trade when slaves were brought from Africa to the New World |
Middle Passage |
| major crop of the Caribbean |
sugar cane |
| many Native Americans died because Europeans brought this to the New World |
Diseases |
| Spanish laws which forced Native Americans into a kind of slavery |
encomiendas |
| belief that the power of rule came by God; Louis, Peter, Frederick, and the Stuarts believed in this |
divine right |
| type of monarch who has complete power |
absolute |
| French Protestants |
Huguenots |
| Peter the Great modernized his country when he made his people adapt to the customs and culture of of countries in the west of Europe |
westernization |
| French law which allowed for freedom of religion; meant mainly for the Huguenots; later taken away, or repeled, by Louis XIV |
Edict of Nantes |
| Frederick is known for building of the Prussian army; this is called __________. |
militarism |
| L'etat cest moi |
I am the state |
| Earth is the center of the universe |
geocentric theory |
| sun is the center of the universe; Copernicus |
heliocentric theory |
| steps used for experiments; developed by Francis Bacon |
scientific method |
| natural rights of John Locke |
life, liberty, and property |
| French term for philosopher |
philosophe |
| Age when reason replaced religion; marked an end to superstition |
Enlightenment |
| strong pride in your country or culture; spread by Napoleon; major reason for unification of Italy and Germany |
nationalism |
| signed by William and Mary; increased the power of the people and Parliament; lowered the power of the monarchs; signed during Glorious Revolution |
Bill of Rights |
| Monarchs power declined in England; while this governmental body increased in power; very similar to Congress in the US |
Parliament |
| English Civil War; group led by Cromwell; cut their hair short in protests to the nobility's custom of wearing long hair |
Roundheads |
| English Civil War; supporters of King Charles I |
Cavaliers |
| This event kicked James II off the throne of England and placed his daughter as ruler along with her husband; no bloodshed |
Glorious Revolution |
| Document written by Jefferson; marked the beginning of the American colonies split from their mother country, England; Jefferson used Locke's ideas in this document |
Declaration of Independence |
| first violent event of the French Revolution occured at this prison; celebrated like our July 4th |
Storming of the Bastille |
| when thousands of men were guillotined; led by Robespierre and the Jacobins; Louis XVI loses his head |
Reign of Terror |
| laws of Napoleon |
Napoleonic Code |
| Class that made up most of French society before the revolution |
Third Estate |
| when the lower class of French society refused to leave until their demands were met; named after the sports complex where they met |
Tennis Court Oath |
| meeting of European countries after Napoleon's fall; conservative; wanted to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution; successful diplomatic effort that kept peace in Europe for the next 40 years |
Congress of Vienna |
| people who think change is good; wanted more freedoms and rights |
liberals |
| people who are old fashioned or traditional; wanted a return to absolute monarchies; Congress of Vienna |
conservatives |
| uprising all throught Europe in reaction to the Congress of Vienna and against conservatism--unsuccessful |
Revolutions of 1848 |
| belief of Bismarck to do whatever it takes to get the job done |
realpolitik |
| Machiavelli is a _________, meaning he saw the world for what it really was |
realist |
| War where the Prussians defeated the French; help in unifying Germany |
Franco-Prussian War |
| Garibaldi's army that united the south of Italy |
Red Shirts |
| Japenese leader or ruler |
Shogun |
| economic system; export more than import; colonies exist to provide raw materials for a mother country which would then be turned into a finished product |
mercantilism |
| Japan practiced a policy of _______________________ , meaning it tried to have no contact with Europeans |
isolationism |
| China set up _________ ____________ or cities set aside for trade with Europeans |
foreign enclaves |
| person who is talented in many fields; like Da Vinci |
Renaissance man |
| goods traded outside the producing country |
exports |
| materials found in nature (ex: cotton) |
raw |
| movement where land was fenced off from public use; resulted in farmers moving to the city for work |
Enclosure Movement |
| Time when cities grew; machine power replaced man power; improved technology |
Industrial Revolution |
| person who owns their own business |
entrepreneur |
| these were formed in order to give people better working conditions |
Labor Unions |
| the right to vote |
suffrage |
| governmental system where the belief is that if you work hard you will be rewarded; developed by Adam Smith; US |
capitalism |
| belief by Adam Smith that government should leave businesses alone |
laissez-faire |
| developed by Karl Marx; belief that everybody should be equal; government controls all factors of production |
commuism/socialism |
| term by Karl Marx that meant workers; he wanted them to rise up and rebel |
proletariat |
| European period when countries tried to conquer and control places all over the world; creation of empires |
imperialism |
| rebellion where Indian soldiers rebeled against the British rule of their country |
Sepoy Rebellion |
| business which controlled India |
East India Company |
| settlement ruled directly by a European country |
mother country |
| when European coutries took control of trading rights in other countries; China is a prime example |
sphere of influence |
| when a country is strongly influenced by a foreign, European country |
protectorate |
| Chinese rebellion against Christianity and foreigners |
Boxer Rebellion |
| non-violent protest; practiced by Mandela and Gandhi |
passive resistance/civil disobedience |
| countries form these for protection in case they are attacked |
alliances |
| World War I; consisted of Britain, France, and Russia |
Triple Entente |
| World War I; alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire |
Triple Alliance |
| Name the ship which contributed to the US entering World War I |
Lusitania |
| Message which caused the US to enter into World War I against Germany |
Zimmerman Note |
| Wilson's plan for peace |
14 Points |
| Wilson's international peacekeeping body; US refused to become a member; ended in failure |
League of Nations |
| Period of tremendous economic failure; allowed Hitler to gain power in Germany; affected the entire world |
Great Depression |
| Event which started the Great Depression |
Stock Market Crash of 1929 |
| belief in militarism and extreme nationalism |
fascism |
| when the government has complete control over the people; popular in Europe during the 1930s |
totalitarianism |
| Party of Hitler |
Nazism |
| Party of Mussolini |
Fascism |
| Lenin's plan to industrialize the Soviet Union |
New Economic Policy |
| Stalin's plan to modernize the Soviet Union |
collectivization |
| to try and avoid conflict; Britain and France did this to Hitler when he invaded Czechoslovakia and Austria |
appeasement |
| Hitler's lightening war |
blitzkrieg |
| international peacekeeping organization created after World War II |
United Nations |
| nickname for the strongest countries in the world during the Cold War; US and USSR |
superpowers |
| weapon developed during World War II and dropped on Japan |
Atomic Bomb |
| type of warfare used during World War I |
trench |
| World War II alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan |
Axis |
| World War II alliance of Britain, France, US, and Soviet Union |
Allied Powers |
| hatred of Jews |
anti-semetism |
| systemic killing of a whole group of people because of religious or ethnic differences |
genocides |
| largest genocide in Cambodia is known as this |
the Killing Fields |
| largest genocide in history; occurred during World War II against the Jews |
Holocaust |
| conflict between the US and USSR after World War II; no fighting |
cold war |
| belief that if one country fell to communism, all surrounding countries would soon become communist as well |
domino theory |
| statement which said the US would stop the spread of communism |
Truman Doctrine |
| Churchill's metaphor for the barrier of communist Europe and democratic Europe |
Iron Curtain |
| Cold War action to stop communism; divided the country into two along the 38th parallel |
Korean War |
| plan to rebuild Europe after World War II |
Marshall Plan |
| defensive alliance consisting of the US and western Europe during the Cold War |
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.) |
| defensive alliance consisting of USSR and eastern satellites during the Cold War |
Warsaw Pact |
| Soviets built this in order to keep Germans from fleeing into democratic West Germany |
Berlin Wall |
| when the USSR placed missiles 90 miles off the coast of Florida; Kennedy was President during this event which almost started World War III |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
| policy that believed the more nuclear weapons one country builds, the less chance of war because other countries would be afraid |
deterrence or mutual destruction |
| competition between the US and USSR to build the most nuclear weapons |
arms race |
| Chinese group which believed in democracy; led by Chiang Kai Shek |
Nationalists |
| conflict during the Cold War; the US eventually pulled out and the entire country became communist |
Vietnam War |
| segregation in South Africa |
apartheid |
| free trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and the US |
NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement) |
| Oil production group |
OPEC |
| organization for free world trade |
WTO (World Trade Org.) |
| economic organization in Europe to try to compete with the US |
EU (European Union) |
| organization which gives loans to poor countries |
IMF (International Monetary Fund) |
| Chinese trade route |
Silk Road |
| Capital was Istanbul |
Ottoman Empire |
| Traded gold, salt in Africa |
Songhai |
| Built "Taj Mahjal" |
Mughal Empire |
| Indian empire of Mexico |
Aztec |
| Indian empire of Peru |
Inca |
| Pyramids, Astronomy |
Maya |
| Means "Rebirth" |
Renaissance |
| Renaissance began here |
Italy |
| Sistine Chapel, "David" |
Michelangelo |
| Plays,sonnets |
Shakespeare |
| Christian humanist |
Erasmus |
| World's largest religion |
Christianity |
| Main religion of India |
Hinduism |
| Main religion of SE Asia |
Buddhism |
| Main religion of North Africa |
Islam |
| North African trade route |
Sahara |
| Importance of trade routes |
exchange of ideas |
| Paper, compass, silk, porcelain |
China |
| Textiles, number system from |
Middle East |
| upset Martin Luther |
sale of indulgences |
| Luther belief |
"faith alone" |
| Luther protest |
Ninety-Five Theses |
| John Calvin belief |
predestination |
| Henry VIII issue |
divorce |
| Site of Reformation |
Germany |
| War between Catholics and Protestants |
Thirty Years' War |
| National Church of England |
Anglican |
| spread Catholic doctrine |
Jesuits |
| Trials to reinforce Catholic beliefs |
Inquisition |
| Gutenberg invention |
printing press |
| helped spread ideas of the Renaissance |
printing press |
| started school of navigation |
Prince Henry the Navigator |
| Sailed around Africa to India |
Vasco da Gama |
| discovered America |
Columbus |
| conquered Aztecs |
Hernan Cortez |
| conquered Inca |
Pizarro |
| explored Canada for France |
Jacques Cartier |
| 2 religious groups that came to America |
Protestants, Catholics |
| another name for Native Americans |
indigenous peoples |
| corn, potatoes, tobacco originated here |
the Americas |
| horses, cattle, diseases came from here |
Europe |
| improved navigation |
Islamic sailors |
| 3 areas the Triangular Trade system linked |
Europe, Africa, the Americas |
| main items traded as part of Triangular Trade |
slaves,sugar,rum |
| exported to Europe from America |
gold, silver |
| European nation that influenced Mexico and South America |
Spain |
| Traded coffee and ceramics |
Ottoman Empire |
| location of Mughal Empire |
Northern India |
| Famous Mughal tomb |
Taj Mahal |
| Product of India that Europeans wanted |
textiles |
| Nation that created foreign enclaves to control foreign trade |
China |
| powerless emperor, rule by shoguns |
Japan |
| adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences |
Japan |
| new economic practices like banking and money systems |
Commercial Revolution |
| early English political parties |
Whigs and Tories |
| Type of English government after 1689 |
Constitutional Monarchy |
| "Leviathan"; ruler must have authority |
Thomas Hobbes |
| the best government should be separated into 3 branches |
Montesquieu |
| U.S. documents that contain Enlightenment ideas |
Declaration, Constitution, Bill of Rights |
| Revolution which most influenced the French Revolution |
American Revolution |
| Paris prison stormed on July 14, 1789 |
Bastille |
| Thousands guillotined during this period of the French Revolution |
Reign of Terror |
| Came to power in France at the end of the Revolution |
Napoleon |
| Goal of Congress of Vienna |
balance of power |
| members of the Congress of Vienna were this |
Conservatives |
| Failed liberal revolutions in Europe in this year |
1848 |
| German composer |
Johann Sebastian Bach |
| Austrian composer |
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
| Last to join in Italian unification |
Papal States |
| war which led to the creation of Germany |
Franco-Prusssian War |
| unified Germany by war and nationalism |
Bismarck |
| natural resources needed for industry |
coal, iron ore |
| British farmland fenced off |
Enclosure Movement |
| Movement of people to the cities |
Urbanization |
| group that grew the most during the industrial revolution |
middle class |
| hired to work in 19th c. factories |
women, children |
| increased the demand for slave labor on American plantations |
cotton gin |
| formed to improve working conditions |
labor unions |
| type of imperialism with direct control |
colony |
| type of imperialism with partial control |
protectorate |
| type of imperialism with trade rights |
sphere of influence |
| important canal in Egypt |
Suez |
| forced Germany to accept guilt for WWI |
Treaty of Versailles |
| Revolution here in 1917 |
Russia |
| Lenin's successor |
Joseph Stalin |
| group that led Russian Revolution |
Bolsheviks |
| created after WWI to administer colonies on a temporary basis |
mandate system |
| European nations who were mandate powers in the Middle East |
France, Great Britain |
| One cause of the Great Depression was German payments or________ |
reparations |
| High protective_________ helped cause the Great Depression |
tariffs |
| Millions in the Soviet Union died as a result of this Stalin policy |
Great Purge |
| hatred of Jews |
Anti-Semitism |
| Mussolini invaded this nation in 1935 |
Ethiopia |
| Area of China invaded by Japanese |
Manchuria |
| Name for 1944 Allied invasion of Europe |
D-Day |
| 2 Japanese cities hit with atomic bombs |
Hiroshima, Nagasaki |
| Event which brought USA into WWII |
Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor |
| 2 countries Hitler failed to conquer |
Great Britain, Soviet Union |
| U.S. President during most of WWII |
Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Nazi decision to exterminate European Jews |
Final Solution/Holocaust |
| Genocide by Ottomans during WWI |
Armenian |
| Genocide of Tutsi minority by Hutu here |
Rwanda |
| Genocide of Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs here |
Yugoslavia |
| Nazi war crimes trials |
Nuremberg |
| Western European military alliance formed in 1949 |
NATO |
| Part of Germany that became Communist after WWII |
East |
| Nation that became the dominant economy in Asia after WWII |
Japan |
| WWII conferance that divided Germany |
Yalta |
| U.S. President that created "containment" policy |
Truman |
| Name given to Soviet -controlled nations |
satellites |
| Part of Korea that started Korean War |
North Korea |
| Built in 1961; 7 miles long |
Berlin Wall |
| Missiles placed here in 1962 by USSR |
Cuba |
| separation of races in South Africa |
apartheid |
| yellow peril |
percieved threat of Japanese imperialism |
Science Vocab 147928
