| Description | Term |
| belief in one god; Judaism is the first | monotheism |
| belief in many gods; Hinduism | polytheism |
| past deeds will determine the future; Hinduism | karma |
| holy book of Judaism | Torah |
| holy book of Islam | Quran/Koran |
| holy book of Christianity | The Bible (Old--from Judaism--and New Testament) |
| holy book of Hinduism | Vedas |
| God's son Jesus is call the _________. | messiah |
| Given to Moses on the mountain; rules to follow | 10 Commandments |
| holy war predicted by Muslims | jihad |
| Christians belief of the father, son, and holy spirit | trinity |
| Muslim belief: fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, alms to poor, and faith in Allah | Five Pillars |
| Holy month for Muslims; no eating from sun up to sun down | Ramadan |
| Hindu belief in many lives; can also apply to Buddhism | reincarnation |
| class system for Hinduism; from untouchable to Brahmins | caste system |
| Buddhist beliefs: suffering exists; material desires cause suffering; get rid of desires and no more suffering; reach nirvana | Four Noble Truths |
| Buddhist belief--8 steps towards ending suffering | Eightfold Path |
| Buddha; when you understand the meaning of life you have become ___________. | Enlightened |
| ultimate goal for Buddhists is to reach __________. | Nirvana |
| Religious war among German princes; Protestants vs. Catholics; ended with the Peace of Augsburg | Thirty Years War |
| only Christian church during the Middle Ages in western Europe | Catholic Church |
| speaking out against the Catholic Church; Galileo was accused of this and brought before the Inquisition | heresy |
| Italian word for rebirth of Greek and Roman culture | Renaissance |
| belief led by Erasmus; forcus on individual and study of the classical Greek and Roman culture | humanism |
| invention which allowed the spread of the Renaissance and Reformation; developed by Gutenberg | printing press |
| Catholics could buy these pardon from sins; Martin Luther hated these | indulgences |
| merchants did not like the Catholic belief that you should not charge interest when lending money, also known as __________. | usury |
| Luther nailed these on a church door; protests against the Catholic Church | 95 Theses |
| Calvin's belief that God has already chosen who would be let into heaven | predestination |
| Church of England created by Henry VIII | Anglican |
| Catholic church group that punished those who spoke out against the Church; condemned Galileo | the Inquisition |
| Catholic attempt to stop people from leaving the church | Counter-Reformation |
| group set up during the Catholic Counter-Reformation; tried to convert people to Catholism | Jesuits |
| three reasons for exploration | God, Glory, and Gold |
| to travel around the globe; first done by Magellan, then Drake | circumnavigate |
| major trade product from Asia | spices |
| Spanish conqueror like Cortez and Pizarro | conquistador |
| European settlement; American was this to England | colony |
| global trade between eastern and western hemispheres | Columbian Exchange |
| slaves worked on these in the new world | plantations |
| term for gold and silver during the Age of Exploration | bullion |
| 3 legs of trade between Africa, New World, and Europe | Triangular trade |
| leg of triangular trade when slaves were brought from Africa to the New World | Middle Passage |
| major crop of the Caribbean | sugar cane |
| many Native Americans died because Europeans brought this to the New World | Diseases |
| Spanish laws which forced Native Americans into a kind of slavery | encomiendas |
| belief that the power of rule came by God; Louis, Peter, Frederick, and the Stuarts believed in this | divine right |
| type of monarch who has complete power | absolute |
| French Protestants | Huguenots |
| Peter the Great modernized his country when he made his people adapt to the customs and culture of of countries in the west of Europe | westernization |
| French law which allowed for freedom of religion; meant mainly for the Huguenots; later taken away, or repeled, by Louis XIV | Edict of Nantes |
| Frederick is known for building of the Prussian army; this is called __________. | militarism |
| L'etat cest moi | I am the state |
| Earth is the center of the universe | geocentric theory |
| sun is the center of the universe; Copernicus | heliocentric theory |
| steps used for experiments; developed by Francis Bacon | scientific method |
| natural rights of John Locke | life, liberty, and property |
| French term for philosopher | philosophe |
| Age when reason replaced religion; marked an end to superstition | Enlightenment |
| strong pride in your country or culture; spread by Napoleon; major reason for unification of Italy and Germany | nationalism |
| signed by William and Mary; increased the power of the people and Parliament; lowered the power of the monarchs; signed during Glorious Revolution | Bill of Rights |
| Monarchs power declined in England; while this governmental body increased in power; very similar to Congress in the US | Parliament |
| English Civil War; group led by Cromwell; cut their hair short in protests to the nobility's custom of wearing long hair | Roundheads |
| English Civil War; supporters of King Charles I | Cavaliers |
| This event kicked James II off the throne of England and placed his daughter as ruler along with her husband; no bloodshed | Glorious Revolution |
| Document written by Jefferson; marked the beginning of the American colonies split from their mother country, England; Jefferson used Locke's ideas in this document | Declaration of Independence |
| first violent event of the French Revolution occured at this prison; celebrated like our July 4th | Storming of the Bastille |
| when thousands of men were guillotined; led by Robespierre and the Jacobins; Louis XVI loses his head | Reign of Terror |
| laws of Napoleon | Napoleonic Code |
| Class that made up most of French society before the revolution | Third Estate |
| when the lower class of French society refused to leave until their demands were met; named after the sports complex where they met | Tennis Court Oath |
| meeting of European countries after Napoleon's fall; conservative; wanted to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution; successful diplomatic effort that kept peace in Europe for the next 40 years | Congress of Vienna |
| people who think change is good; wanted more freedoms and rights | liberals |
| people who are old fashioned or traditional; wanted a return to absolute monarchies; Congress of Vienna | conservatives |
| uprising all throught Europe in reaction to the Congress of Vienna and against conservatism--unsuccessful | Revolutions of 1848 |
| belief of Bismarck to do whatever it takes to get the job done | realpolitik |
| Machiavelli is a _________, meaning he saw the world for what it really was | realist |
| War where the Prussians defeated the French; help in unifying Germany | Franco-Prussian War |
| Garibaldi's army that united the south of Italy | Red Shirts |
| Japenese leader or ruler | Shogun |
| economic system; export more than import; colonies exist to provide raw materials for a mother country which would then be turned into a finished product | mercantilism |
| Japan practiced a policy of _______________________ , meaning it tried to have no contact with Europeans | isolationism |
| China set up _________ ____________ or cities set aside for trade with Europeans | foreign enclaves |
| person who is talented in many fields; like Da Vinci | Renaissance man |
| goods traded outside the producing country | exports |
| materials found in nature (ex: cotton) | raw |
| movement where land was fenced off from public use; resulted in farmers moving to the city for work | Enclosure Movement |
| Time when cities grew; machine power replaced man power; improved technology | Industrial Revolution |
| person who owns their own business | entrepreneur |
| these were formed in order to give people better working conditions | Labor Unions |
| the right to vote | suffrage |
| governmental system where the belief is that if you work hard you will be rewarded; developed by Adam Smith; US | capitalism |
| belief by Adam Smith that government should leave businesses alone | laissez-faire |
| developed by Karl Marx; belief that everybody should be equal; government controls all factors of production | commuism/socialism |
| term by Karl Marx that meant workers; he wanted them to rise up and rebel | proletariat |
| European period when countries tried to conquer and control places all over the world; creation of empires | imperialism |
| rebellion where Indian soldiers rebeled against the British rule of their country | Sepoy Rebellion |
| business which controlled India | East India Company |
| settlement ruled directly by a European country | mother country |
| when European coutries took control of trading rights in other countries; China is a prime example | sphere of influence |
| when a country is strongly influenced by a foreign, European country | protectorate |
| Chinese rebellion against Christianity and foreigners | Boxer Rebellion |
| non-violent protest; practiced by Mandela and Gandhi | passive resistance/civil disobedience |
| countries form these for protection in case they are attacked | alliances |
| World War I; consisted of Britain, France, and Russia | Triple Entente |
| World War I; alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire | Triple Alliance |
| Name the ship which contributed to the US entering World War I | Lusitania |
| Message which caused the US to enter into World War I against Germany | Zimmerman Note |
| Wilson's plan for peace | 14 Points |
| Wilson's international peacekeeping body; US refused to become a member; ended in failure | League of Nations |
| Period of tremendous economic failure; allowed Hitler to gain power in Germany; affected the entire world | Great Depression |
| Event which started the Great Depression | Stock Market Crash of 1929 |
| belief in militarism and extreme nationalism | fascism |
| when the government has complete control over the people; popular in Europe during the 1930s | totalitarianism |
| Party of Hitler | Nazism |
| Party of Mussolini | Fascism |
| Lenin's plan to industrialize the Soviet Union | New Economic Policy |
| Stalin's plan to modernize the Soviet Union | collectivization |
| to try and avoid conflict; Britain and France did this to Hitler when he invaded Czechoslovakia and Austria | appeasement |
| Hitler's lightening war | blitzkrieg |
| international peacekeeping organization created after World War II | United Nations |
| nickname for the strongest countries in the world during the Cold War; US and USSR | superpowers |
| weapon developed during World War II and dropped on Japan | Atomic Bomb |
| type of warfare used during World War I | trench |
| World War II alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan | Axis |
| World War II alliance of Britain, France, US, and Soviet Union | Allied Powers |
| hatred of Jews | anti-semetism |
| systemic killing of a whole group of people because of religious or ethnic differences | genocides |
| largest genocide in Cambodia is known as this | the Killing Fields |
| largest genocide in history; occurred during World War II against the Jews | Holocaust |
| conflict between the US and USSR after World War II; no fighting | cold war |
| belief that if one country fell to communism, all surrounding countries would soon become communist as well | domino theory |
| statement which said the US would stop the spread of communism | Truman Doctrine |
| Churchill's metaphor for the barrier of communist Europe and democratic Europe | Iron Curtain |
| Cold War action to stop communism; divided the country into two along the 38th parallel | Korean War |
| plan to rebuild Europe after World War II | Marshall Plan |
| defensive alliance consisting of the US and western Europe during the Cold War | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.) |
| defensive alliance consisting of USSR and eastern satellites during the Cold War | Warsaw Pact |
| Soviets built this in order to keep Germans from fleeing into democratic West Germany | Berlin Wall |
| when the USSR placed missiles 90 miles off the coast of Florida; Kennedy was President during this event which almost started World War III | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| policy that believed the more nuclear weapons one country builds, the less chance of war because other countries would be afraid | deterrence or mutual destruction |
| competition between the US and USSR to build the most nuclear weapons | arms race |
| Chinese group which believed in democracy; led by Chiang Kai Shek | Nationalists |
| conflict during the Cold War; the US eventually pulled out and the entire country became communist | Vietnam War |
| segregation in South Africa | apartheid |
| free trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and the US | NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement) |
| Oil production group | OPEC |
| organization for free world trade | WTO (World Trade Org.) |
| economic organization in Europe to try to compete with the US | EU (European Union) |
| organization which gives loans to poor countries | IMF (International Monetary Fund) |
| Chinese trade route | Silk Road |
| Capital was Istanbul | Ottoman Empire |
| Traded gold, salt in Africa | Songhai |
| Built "Taj Mahjal" | Mughal Empire |
| Indian empire of Mexico | Aztec |
| Indian empire of Peru | Inca |
| Pyramids, Astronomy | Maya |
| Means "Rebirth" | Renaissance |
| Renaissance began here | Italy |
| Sistine Chapel, "David" | Michelangelo |
| Plays,sonnets | Shakespeare |
| Christian humanist | Erasmus |
| World's largest religion | Christianity |
| Main religion of India | Hinduism |
| Main religion of SE Asia | Buddhism |
| Main religion of North Africa | Islam |
| North African trade route | Sahara |
| Importance of trade routes | exchange of ideas |
| Paper, compass, silk, porcelain | China |
| Textiles, number system from | Middle East |
| upset Martin Luther | sale of indulgences |
| Luther belief | "faith alone" |
| Luther protest | Ninety-Five Theses |
| John Calvin belief | predestination |
| Henry VIII issue | divorce |
| Site of Reformation | Germany |
| War between Catholics and Protestants | Thirty Years' War |
| National Church of England | Anglican |
| spread Catholic doctrine | Jesuits |
| Trials to reinforce Catholic beliefs | Inquisition |
| Gutenberg invention | printing press |
| helped spread ideas of the Renaissance | printing press |
| started school of navigation | Prince Henry the Navigator |
| Sailed around Africa to India | Vasco da Gama |
| discovered America | Columbus |
| conquered Aztecs | Hernan Cortez |
| conquered Inca | Pizarro |
| explored Canada for France | Jacques Cartier |
| 2 religious groups that came to America | Protestants, Catholics |
| another name for Native Americans | indigenous peoples |
| corn, potatoes, tobacco originated here | the Americas |
| horses, cattle, diseases came from here | Europe |
| improved navigation | Islamic sailors |
| 3 areas the Triangular Trade system linked | Europe, Africa, the Americas |
| main items traded as part of Triangular Trade | slaves,sugar,rum |
| exported to Europe from America | gold, silver |
| European nation that influenced Mexico and South America | Spain |
| Traded coffee and ceramics | Ottoman Empire |
| location of Mughal Empire | Northern India |
| Famous Mughal tomb | Taj Mahal |
| Product of India that Europeans wanted | textiles |
| Nation that created foreign enclaves to control foreign trade | China |
| powerless emperor, rule by shoguns | Japan |
| adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences | Japan |
| new economic practices like banking and money systems | Commercial Revolution |
| early English political parties | Whigs and Tories |
| Type of English government after 1689 | Constitutional Monarchy |
| "Leviathan"; ruler must have authority | Thomas Hobbes |
| the best government should be separated into 3 branches | Montesquieu |
| U.S. documents that contain Enlightenment ideas | Declaration, Constitution, Bill of Rights |
| Revolution which most influenced the French Revolution | American Revolution |
| Paris prison stormed on July 14, 1789 | Bastille |
| Thousands guillotined during this period of the French Revolution | Reign of Terror |
| Came to power in France at the end of the Revolution | Napoleon |
| Goal of Congress of Vienna | balance of power |
| members of the Congress of Vienna were this | Conservatives |
| Failed liberal revolutions in Europe in this year | 1848 |
| German composer | Johann Sebastian Bach |
| Austrian composer | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
| Last to join in Italian unification | Papal States |
| war which led to the creation of Germany | Franco-Prusssian War |
| unified Germany by war and nationalism | Bismarck |
| natural resources needed for industry | coal, iron ore |
| British farmland fenced off | Enclosure Movement |
| Movement of people to the cities | Urbanization |
| group that grew the most during the industrial revolution | middle class |
| hired to work in 19th c. factories | women, children |
| increased the demand for slave labor on American plantations | cotton gin |
| formed to improve working conditions | labor unions |
| type of imperialism with direct control | colony |
| type of imperialism with partial control | protectorate |
| type of imperialism with trade rights | sphere of influence |
| important canal in Egypt | Suez |
| forced Germany to accept guilt for WWI | Treaty of Versailles |
| Revolution here in 1917 | Russia |
| Lenin's successor | Joseph Stalin |
| group that led Russian Revolution | Bolsheviks |
| created after WWI to administer colonies on a temporary basis | mandate system |
| European nations who were mandate powers in the Middle East | France, Great Britain |
| One cause of the Great Depression was German payments or________ | reparations |
| High protective_________ helped cause the Great Depression | tariffs |
| Millions in the Soviet Union died as a result of this Stalin policy | Great Purge |
| hatred of Jews | Anti-Semitism |
| Mussolini invaded this nation in 1935 | Ethiopia |
| Area of China invaded by Japanese | Manchuria |
| Name for 1944 Allied invasion of Europe | D-Day |
| 2 Japanese cities hit with atomic bombs | Hiroshima, Nagasaki |
| Event which brought USA into WWII | Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor |
| 2 countries Hitler failed to conquer | Great Britain, Soviet Union |
| U.S. President during most of WWII | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Nazi decision to exterminate European Jews | Final Solution/Holocaust |
| Genocide by Ottomans during WWI | Armenian |
| Genocide of Tutsi minority by Hutu here | Rwanda |
| Genocide of Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs here | Yugoslavia |
| Nazi war crimes trials | Nuremberg |
| Western European military alliance formed in 1949 | NATO |
| Part of Germany that became Communist after WWII | East |
| Nation that became the dominant economy in Asia after WWII | Japan |
| WWII conferance that divided Germany | Yalta |
| U.S. President that created "containment" policy | Truman |
| Name given to Soviet -controlled nations | satellites |
| Part of Korea that started Korean War | North Korea |
| Built in 1961; 7 miles long | Berlin Wall |
| Missiles placed here in 1962 by USSR | Cuba |
| separation of races in South Africa | apartheid |
| yellow peril | percieved threat of Japanese imperialism |
