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Anatomy 5--Cytology
Various structures and functions within the cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some examples of cell types? | Neurons, cells that conduct electricity; hormones...etc. |
| Why are cells diverse? | The way there are many unique proteins in the cell |
| What is the nucleus? | Contains the instruction manual of the cell, which are genes within DNA chrmosomes. |
| How many genes do we have? | 3 billion |
| DNA: | Double helix ladder structure of base pairs |
| What's another word for base pairs? | Nucleotides |
| What is transcription? | Occurs in nucleus, where DNA splits apart to find nucleotide that assembre to compliment the single chain |
| What is this compliment called? | mRNA |
| What is important to note about the new compliment? | T is replaced with Uracil |
| What happens after the mRNA is created? | It leaves through the pores of the nucleous to go to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein |
| What is an example of Transcription? | Making a muscle cell |
| Orgennelles: and what are they also known as? | Located in the cytoplasm (baby cells, not yet formed) Stem cells |
| What does the mRNA do once it arrives at the cytoplasm? | It finds the ribosomes so they can make proteins |
| What is the overall function of mRNA? | Provides insturction for the ribosomes to make a protein |
| How do the ribosomes start the protein making process? | They assign each codon an amino acid |
| Codon: | Series of 3 nucleotides in a row |
| What is translation: | Occurs in ribosomes, makeing protein by attaching amino acids to it. |
| What makes up a cell? | Proteins |
| What can have the potential to kill a cell, and how? | Ricin or anthrax because it shuts down ribosomes, so they can't make proteins |
| What is the function of the smooth ER? | Lipid production and detoxification |
| Rough ER function: | Where proteins are made |
| After the rough ER makes proteins, where do they go? | To the Golgi app |
| What's another word for the Golgi app? | Golgi complex |
| What does the Golgi do to the protein? | It modifies it |
| What's the number one way the Golgi modifies a protein? | Adds sugar to it |
| What is the overall function of the protein, in formal words? | Post translational changes to protein to let it know where to go |
| How many main fates does a protein have, and what are they? | Three fates: secretion, storage, and become a membrane vesicle |
| What is an example of a protein secreted by the cell? | Can be secreted out of the cell in the form of a hormone |
| Example of a storage protein in a cell? | Enzymes |
| What are digestive enzymes? | Lysosomes |
| Autoimunal disease: | When lysosomes break down a healthy cell |
| Lysosomes | in cytoplasm, contain digestive enzymes that rid the cell of waste |
| What's the slang word for lysosomes: | Suicide bags |
| How is hydrogen peroxide formed in the body? | by product of metabolism |
| Peroxisome | Digestive enzyme that catalyzes the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide |
| What does a membrane vesicle do? | becomes part of the plasma membrane |
| Intracellular: | Everything in the cell |
| Extracellular: | everything OUTside of the cell |
| What are some characteristics of the plasma membrane: | A phospholipid bilayer that is selectively permeable to protect the cell |
| Where do the phospholipid heads face? Intra or extra? | Hydrophilic |
| Where do the tails face? | Hydrophobic |
| What is the function of cholestrol in the cell? | Makes plasma membrane fluid |
| Transmembrane protein: | Spans lipid bilayer, from hydrophobic to hydrophillic |
| Peripheral protein: | On one side, either extra cell surface or intracell surface |
| What is an example of a peripheral protein? | Receptor |
| glycolipid: | Sugar on a lipid |
| Glycoprotein: | Sugar on protein: added by Golgi |
| What is sugar coating | Glyco Calyx |
| Where does transcription take place? | Nucleous |
| Where does translation take place? | In ribosomes |
| Where are phospholipids made? | Smooth ER |
| What is the function of the glyco calyx? | Cell ID as self vs. foreign ID |
| What is an example of cell ID methods? | The ABO blood typing |
| What is hemolytic referring to? | When one breaks blood cells, which leads to clots |
| How can hemolytics occur? | When you add the wrong blood type to someone |
| What is the "thing" around the red blood cell, that really makes up the red blood cell? What is its formal word? | Protein called antogen |
| Antogen: | Initiates a new reaction |
| What is another word for antogen? | Agglutinogen |
| How does the body reacts when a type A bloodtype receives a type B blood transfusion? | Type A blood has type B antibodies which would cause hemolytic reactions |
| What is another word for those antibodies? | Agglutinim |
| What antibodies does type B have? | Type A |
| What antibodies does type AB have? | No antibodies |
| What blood type does type O have? | A and B |
| What is referred to as the universal donor? | O |
| What is the universal receiver? | AB |
| What are the type O proteins? | No proteins |
| Where are the plasma memrane proteins produced? | In the liver |
| Where is an unlikely location to find blood cell receptors? | Plasma membrane |
| What are two ways to transport stuff accross plasma membrane? | Active and passive transport |
| How is active transport possible? | Through ATP |
| Where is ATP produced? | Mitochondria |
| What is myopathy? | A muscle problem caused by mitochondria not producing proteins |
| What area of the body isi most affected by a problem in the mitochondria? | The muscles, because they need a lot of ATP to move |
| What is the life cycle of the cell in which the cell performs normal metabolism and spends most of its time here? | Interphase |
| Why do cells divide? | To repair themselves |
| What is DNA called in its uncodensed format? | Chromatin |
| What is DNA in its condensed format? | Chromosomes |
| Where does the cell spend its shortest amount of time? | Dividing, it is mostly in metabolism |
| What are the five stages of mitosis? | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What happens in prophse? | dna condenses |
| what happens in metaphse? | chromosomes line up |
| what happens in anaphase? | mitotic spindles form |
| What happens in telophase? | the cleavage furrow forms |
| What is cytokinesis? | At the tail end of telophse, it is where the cytoplasm is divided |
| What signals the start and stop of mitosis? | Proto-onco genes |
| what specific gene tells the cell to stop dividing? | TSP |
| What is it called when cells die? | Necrosiss |
| What is programmed cell death called? | Apoctosis |
| What is an example of apoctosis: | The webbing on the hands and feet in fetusses |
| What is the result of the surface of the skin of necrosis? | Inflimation |
| What is a tumor? | Uncontrolled cellular division |
| What is a primary example of a cell that does not have a nucleous? | Red blood cells |
| What is oncology? | Cancer research; how to start and stop cell cycle |
| What is the life cycle of a cancer cell? | it spends little time in interphse, most of the time in division |
| What is an example of cells that do not divide? | Muscle or nerve cells, we are born with all these cells |
| What is a stratified squamus: | Skin cells, or cells that come in contact with stuff |
| Carcinogenes? | Cancer causing genes |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Shape, organization, growth and development of cell is taken care of by the cytoskeleton |
| What is responsible for the movement of the chromosomes during cell division? | Microtubules |
| What happens in G1: | duplicates organelles, replicates centrosomes |
| What happens in G2: | Cell grows, enzymes and proteins synthesized |
| Mitosis: | When cell division occurs |
| What are the functions of membrane proteins? | ion channels, transporters, receptors, and linkers |
| Ex of membrane proteins acting as ion channels? | sodium pump |
| receptors: | cell cell recognition |
| Linkers: | anchor proteins of neighboring cell's PM |
| What is cytosol? | Intercellular fluid |
| What is plasm? | Extracell fluid in plasma |
| intestinal fluid? | microscopic fluid between tissues |
| Example of simple diffusion: | oxgen going to cells |
| fascillitated diffusion: | integral proteins help out by providing thing some way to get to PM |
| Filtration: | water or dissolved substance moves via blood pressure |
| What is endocytosis: | receptor mediated; receptor binds to particle to make a vesicle |
| example of endocytossi: | getting choloestrol into cell |
| What is the process of endocytosis: | binding, vesicle formation, uncoating, fusiion with endosome, recyling to PM, and lysosome eats it. |
| AIDS, how does it work? | attaches to cd4 receptor, present in PM of t-cells |
| phagocytosis: | cell eating |
| when is phagocytosis used? | When there's a pathogen present, it becomes engulfed, fuses with lysosome and bye bye baby |
| what is the process of exocytosis: | getting stuff out of cell in which ship fuses with PM and releases waste |
| What does cytosol do?? | catalyzes chemical reactions |
| What is the function of microfils? | increase surface area, great for absorption |
| interfils: | help ancho organnelles together |
| centrosomes: | Where the mitotic spindle grown |
| What are the functions of smooth ER? | Make steroids, fats, and helps build up some resistance to drugs |
| In which surface of golgi does stuff enter? what does this face? | CIS, faces RER |
| Which surface does it exit from? | Trans: faces PM |
| What is tay sachs disease? | absence of hex A, which breaks down stuff in nerve-->blind |
| What is proteasosome? What is it supposed to do and what is the pathophysiology associated with it? | It is supposed to degrade misfolded proteins in brain-->cystic fibrosis |
| What is the function of nucleolous? | Makes mRNA |
| what the heck are telomers and how are they related to aging? | DNA at the tip of chromosomes, they lose function after a lot of growth, so cells don't divide... |
| What is the function of glucose in proteins and the cell in general? | creates more crosslinks, stiffness |
| What is progeria? | When you die at 13 because telomeres are shorter than usual |
| Werner syndrome? | rapid aging |
| What is the role of adenomas in cnacer? | it is the division of cell that leads to p 53 mutation |
Created by:
talkglitter2486