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Bio Review
Bio Review sheet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Emergent Properties: | Characteristics that you don't see at a lower level of organization and is unpredictable from characterics at lower level. |
| Emergent Properties of a population: | Density and dispersion |
| Density: | Organisms per unit |
| Dispersion: | The spread among individuals |
| Dispersion types: | Clumped, uniform, random |
| Clumped: | Some are closer together than others |
| Give an example of clumped dispersion: | Fish |
| Uniform: | Evenly spaced individuals |
| Give an example of uniform dispersion: | Penguins |
| Random: | No real trend in spacing |
| Example of random dispersion: | Trees in a forest |
| Demography: | Study of factors that affect population size |
| Population Increases can occur because of what activities? | Births, Immigration (migration IN) |
| Population decreases occur due to what activities? | Deaths, emigration (migration OUT) |
| What does a Life Table do? | Summarizes reprodutive and mortality data for a population |
| Survivorship curve: | Graph of proportion of individuals still alive at certain age levels |
| What does a type I survivorship curve look like? | Starts out level, then decreases |
| What is an example of something that follows a type I curve? | Humans |
| What does a type II curve look like? | Constant rate |
| What is an example of type II organisms? | Turtles and Squirrels |
| What does a type III curve look like? | Most organisms die out quickly, those who live, live long |
| What is an example of a type III curve? | Invertebrates, such as oysters |
| Population growth focuses on...? | Births and deaths |
| Look at Rmax and the population growth equations | (blank) |
| Is exponential growth common in nature? Why or why not? | No, lack of resources |
| When would exponential growth be possible? | When individuals colonize a new area |
| What is logistic growth? | S-shaped curve |
| What is rmax? | Change in population size per individual |
| What are the three important questions that need to be answered about a community? | How do populations interact, how do communities change? How are communities structured? |
| POPULATION INTERACTION` | POPULATION INTERACTION |
| How does competition affect species in environment? | Both suffer |
| What is exploitation? | Paratism, herbivory, predation, disease |
| How does exploitation affect species in environment? | One gains while the other loses |
| How does mutalism affect species in an environment? | Both gain |
| How does commensalism affect species in an environment? | One is not affected, the other gains |
| What is an example of competition? | Someone grew two species of paramacium alone, found the k of each. Then, the person grew them together and found that one went extinct |
| Competition exclusion principle is what? | Too much competition leads to end of species. Thus, organisms that share the same niche can't live in same place at same time |
| What did this principle lead to? | ways that enable species with same niches to co-exist |
| What is a habitat? | type of environment where organism lives |
| What is a real-world example of a habitat? | Address |
| What is a niche? | Organism's role in environment |
| What is a real world example of a niche? | a job |
| What are the ways in which species with same niches can co-exist? | Resource partitioning and character displacement |
| What is resource partitioning? | Different species have different niches (jobs) |
| Character displacement is what? | Although allopatic use resource in same way, where they come together and are sympatic their resource use and anatomy |
| What is a condition of character displacement? | Must have different niches |
| What is exploitation interaction? | Predators well-adapted to catch and kill prey |
| How can organisms avoid prey? | Running, fighting and mobbing (whole group of prey go after predator) |
| What is an alarm call? | One animal warns the rest of the arival of a predator |
| How does coloration aid in an prey's ability to avoid predators? | Can have cameflouge, aposematic, or mimicry types |
| What is cryptinc camfelouge? | Blend in w/ background |
| what is aposematic coloration? | Warning coloration, poisonous or doesn't taste good can be shown through bright colors to signal that fact |
| What is batesian mimicry? Give an exmaple | Tasty species mimic not taste ones, monarch butterfly |
| What is mullerian mimicry? | Icky species resemble each other |
| What do plants do to avoid predators? | Have spines or thorns, toxins or other chemicals (nicotine, morphine, cinnamon, cloves) |
| What is an example of mutualism? | Algea do photosynthesis and live on coral, and coral provides home for algae |
| What is an example of commensalism? | Burrs stick to fur and are transported elsewhere in the form os seeds, but the carrier is not affected |
| How are communities structured? | Trophic structures |
| What are trophic structures: | Feeding relationships within a community |
| What is a trophic level? | like primary producer, secondary producer. Pretty much the order from the start to finish of the food chain... |
| What is a food web: | More complex and accurate representation of trophic structures |
| What is the difference between the food chain and food web? | That hte food web has connections all over the place; a chain is more linear |
| Why can't food chains be over the quaternary level? | Energetic hypothesis and the dynamic stability hypothesis |
| What is the energetic hypothesis? | Energy transfer is inefficient, so you can't have too many organisms involved in the food chain |
| What is the dynamic stability hypothesis? | Long food chains are less stable than short ones; if one creature is taken out, the rest of the creatures in the food chain would suffer |
| What areas would be an exception to the above hypotheses? | areas with more producers and areas that are more "stable," creatures are less likely to be extinct..etc. |
| How do communities change? | Disturbance of the environment |
| What is disturbance? | Any event that removes species from a community |
| What is anthropogenic disturbance? | Human caused by development, pollution, farming |
| What the result of a disturbance? | Sucession--Change in species--composition over time begins after a disturbance and results in a climax community |
| What are the two types of succession: | Primary and secondary succession |
| What is primary succession? | In an area without life, like a volcanic eruption; it takes a while to get over disturbance |
| What are the first organisms that colonize the land after a disturbance? | Leeches and mosses which make dirt by breaking down rocks |
| What is secondary succession? | In areas already containing soil from previous community (like after a fire) Takes less time to get over disaster |
| What is an ecosystem? | Community plus the abiotic factors action on it |
| What are the central factors of an ecosystem? | Energy and nutrient cycles |
| How does energy flow? | From sun through producers to consumers to detrivores |
| What are detrivores? | Organisms that eat dead stuff |
| How do nutrients cycle? | Producers to consumers to detrivores and come back to producers |
| What is the key difference between the energy cycle and the nutrient cycle? | Energy can't be recycled, but nutrients can |
| What is gross primary production (GPP)? | Amount of lighter energy going to nutrients and food |
| What is net primary production (NPP) | is GPP minus energy used by producers |
| Give an example of how NPP varies by an ecosystem | Tropical rain forests and swamps are high NPP open oceans are low NPP |
| How is NPP limited? | In aquatic ecosyusmems, NPP is limited by light |
| What is eutrophication? | Dangerous to aquatic ecosystems because algea grows, but eventually dies and is broken down by detrivores, who require alot of oxygen, and this leads to a dead zone because no other creatures can survive without oxygen |
| What is secondary production? | Amount of chemical energy made by producers that is converted to consumers |
| Describe the pyramid of production: | Tertiary structures are on top, they get the smallest amount of energy, and then it's secondary structures and they get a little more energy upto primary producers who have a lot of energy. So the pyramid part is just what the end-result looks like |
| How does the theory of energy transfer relate to the concept of the energy pyramid | Energy is inefficiently transferred. |
| What is nutrient cycling? | Nutrients move through different biological, geological, and chemical reservoirs (location) and are transformed in various ways |
| Why is carbon important? | It is the building block of life |
| What is the inorganic form of carbon | Carbon dioxide |
| What do producers do with the inorganic form? | Producers transform it into organic forms that other organisms can use |
| How do humans disturb this cycle? | Increased burning of fossil fuels, cutting and burning of producers in environment;, both processes will increase carbon dioxide in environment |
| Why is nitrogen important? | Important in proteins and nucleic acids |
| What is the most readily available form of nitrogen gas? | The innorganic form, which is 78% of the atmosphere |
| What convertes the innorganic form into one plants and humans can use? | Bacteria conver nitrogen gas to nitrates and ammonia |
| How else can nitrogen gas be converted into a usable form? | Lightning strikes |
| How do humans disrupt this cycle? | Add inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, farmers alternate crops; both put nitrate in soil |
| Why is phosphate important? | part of nucleic acid and phosphorlipids (ATP and all that) |
| How do humans impact phosphorus in environment? | Mining |
| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS OF EACH CYCLE!! | LOOK AT DIAGRAMS OF EACH CYCLE!! |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | A natural process that is critical for life as we know it. |
| What does the greenhouse effect do? | makes earth 70 degrees warmer |
| How does the greenhouse effect work? | sunlight enters atmosphere and is converted to heat, most heat trapped by atmospheric gasses. |
| What is global warming? | Unnatural, anthropogenic increase in global temperature |
| What causes global warming? | Caused by increases in certain atmospheric gasses like Carbon Dioxide and methane |
| What are the effects of global warming? | Melting of polar ice caps, change in weather patterns; extinction |
| Why should we care about loss of biodiversity? | Biophilia, economic, ecosystem |
| What is biophilia? | Love of nature, sense of connection to nature in and of itself |
| Economic: | Medication and food and building materials |
| Ecosystem services: | Benefits we receive indirectly from natural activities |
| Give an example of an ecosystem service: | Photosynthesis and everyone's role in it |
| What are the four major threats to biodiversity? | Habitital alteration, introduced species, over exploitation, distruption of food chains |
| What are the three ways a habitat may be altered? | Habitat destruction, fragmentation and simplification |
| What is habitat destruction? | clearcutting, pollute water |
| Fragmentation? | Lose interior habitats and species that live there. You're left with the edge creatures that are mean |
| Simplification: | Bent river to a straight one |
| Introduced species example? | Brown snakes being introduced or zebra mussel |
| Example of over exploitation? | Over hunting/fishing/ mmining=lower rmax |
| Distruption of food chain example? | Loss of one species affects all those who benefit from it: prairie dogs and ferrets |
Created by:
talkglitter2486