Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BR-2
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) | inhibits phagocytosis |
| Cause of an immunodeficiency with a high IgM | defect in isotype switching |
| Cyclosporine necessary in identical twin transplant because: | there are some difference in MHC sites from crossover of chromosomes in meiosis |
| Major drift with influenza | major changes in reassortment of genome pieces indicating a need for a new vaccine each year; only protects against "A;" egg based vaccine; killed virus vaccine |
| Receptor for HIV | CD4 molecule on helper T cells (also MQs and dendritic cells) |
| Graft versus host reaction | common inTcell defiencies; must irradiate donor blood to destroy lymphocytes (also destroys CMV) |
| DiGeorge syndrome | Tetany at birth; a pure T cell deficiency d/t absence of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (3 = inferior parathyroids + thymus; 4 = superior parathyroids); absent thymic shadow on xray |
| CD common to both B and T cells | CD45 - common to all leukocytes |
| Hanta virus | carried in rodents (deer mice); ARDS; hemorrhage, renal failure; viral RNA in lung tissue; do PCR |
| Staphylococcus aureus | protein A attaches to Fc receptor of MQs; blocks opsonization of bacteria |
| Proteus mirabilis | moves w/flagella; urease producer |
| C. diphtheria | toxin inhibits elongation factor 2 by ADP-ribosylation; blocks protein synthesis |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | requires sterols |
| Pneumonitis (larval transmigration) and ova in stools | Ascaris or hookworm; not Strongyloides |
| Rhabditiform larvae in stool | Strongyloides |
| Latex agglutination reaction | antibody to capsular antigens attach to the beads |
| Location of B cells in lymph node | follicles |
| Location of T cells in lymph node | paracortex |
| Location of histiocytes in lymph node | sinuses |
| Cells that attach protozoans | CD4 T cells |
| What gives bacteria their shape | peptidoglycan layer in cell wall |
| Tumbling motility, Gram positive rod | Listeria monocytogenes; invades mononuclear cells, beta-hemolysis in blood agar, transplacental infxn in fetus or renal transplant; may be contracted from eating unpasteurized cheeses |
| Gray membrane that bleeds when removed | Diphtheria |
| Dengue | transmitted by mosquito (Aedes aegypti; same as yellow fever); "breakbone fever;" may be hemorrhagic |
| Infection a/w premature rupture of membranes | Group B strep (S. agalactiae); CAMP test |
| IL-1 fxn on B lymphocytes | activates B cells |
| Location for S. aureus carriers | anterior nares |
| River blindness | Onchocerca; bite of blackfly; do skin biopsy; Tx = Ivermectin |
| Rhinovirus | common cold occurs more often in fall/winter; person to person droplet infxn and contaminated hands; acid-labile (does not cause gastroenteritis b/c of this) |
| Virus responsible for a cold in spring/summer | Adenovirus |
| Lactobacillus in vagina | responsible for acidic pH |
| Pruritid skin lesion in Gulf War veteran | cutaneous Leishmaniasis d/t sandfly bite |
| Hib (haemophilus influenza type B) vaccine | antibody against capsular polysaccharide |
| In addition to normal childhood immunizations, what additional immunizations are indicated for sickle cell and cystic fibrosis? | Pneumococcus and influenza (Pneumovax given after 2yo) |
| Which live vaccine can be given to a pt with AIDS | MMR (only b/c natural measles infxn is worse than rxn from attenuated virus) |
| List of the live vaccines | MMR, varicella, OPV (oral polio), BCG (TB), smallpox, yellow fever |
| List of the polysaccharide vaccines | Pneumococcus, Hib, Meningococcal |
| List of the killed vaccines | Influenza, Rabies, SALK (polio) |
| Immunizations contraindicated in pts with anaphylactic rxns to eggs | MMR, influenza, yellow fever |
| Immunizations contraindicated in pts with anaphylactic rxns to neomycin | MMR, Varicells, (it is a preservative) |
| Verrucoid lesion in lower extremity in pt returning from S. America | S.A. blastomycosis (yeast with a ships wheel appearance) |
| North american blastomycosis | broad based bud appearance |
| AIDS pt with 2 peaks in the natural history of the disease | p24 antigen |
| ELISA test for HIV | anti-gp 120 Abs; confirm with western blot |
| Best test for detecting HIV viral burden in blood | HIV RNA by PCR |
| Newborn baby in HIV positive mom | newborn has anti-gp 120 in serum (IgG Ab); usu prevent HIV in fetus by giving mom AZT |
| Animal a/w toxoplasmosis | cat |
| MCC of diarrhea in kids | rotavirus |
| E. coli | attaches to urogenital epithelium; #1 cause of UTIs |
| Bruton's agammaglobulinemia | SXR; defect in pre-B to B cells; prone to respiratory infxns; need IV gamma globulin |
| SCID | first immunodeficiency treated with gene therapy; replacement of adenosine deaminase |
| Wiskott Aldrich | SXR; triad of sinopulmonary infxns, eczema, thrombocytopenia; B and T cell deficiency; inc incidence of leukemia/lymphoma |
| Part of a vaccine that is antigenic | polysaccharide capsule |
| Person working with animal hides develops lung disease | Bacillus anthrax |
| Cryptococus | evades host destruction via polysaccharide capsule; pigeons |
| Child with anemia and diarrhea d/t a parasite | hookworm produces iron deficiency |
| Lymphocutaneous nodules in rose gardener | Sporotrichosis; Tx = Potassium iodide |
| Elderly male smoker w/non-productive cough, bacteria fails to grow on ordinary media (supplement w/iron and cysteine); Identify with Dieterle silver stain | Legionella; Tx = erythromycin |
| Macrophage activation | gamma-interferon secreted by helper T cells |
| IgA deficiency | sinupulmonary dz; mc genetic immunodeficiency |
| AIDS | mc acquired immunodeficiency |
| HLA system is coded on what chromosome? | Chromosome 6 |
| Hyperacute rejection of a transplant | ABO incompatibility or pt had anti-HLA Abs against HLA Ag in graft |
| HLA-A, B, C code for | Class I antigens; recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells |
| HLA-D codes for | class II antigent; Recognized by CD4 helper Tcells and macrophages |
| Graft vs host reaction | NK cells mediate; common in bone marrow and liver transplants; rash, jaundice (necrosis of bile ducts), diarrhea, danger in Tcell deficienct pts |
| Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR) | present in generalized myasthenia gravis (90%); a/w thymoma (60%); Responsible for defect in neuromuscular transmission; Correlates with activity of dz |
| Anti-centromere antibody | a/w CREST syndrome (60%) and PSS/progressive systemic sclerosis (10%) |
| Anti-gliadin antibody | a/w Celiac disease (95%); alcohol extract of gluten in wheat |
| Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody | present in Goodpasture's syndrome (>90% sensitive/specific); Ab is against epitope of type IV collagen in glomerular and pulmonary capillaries |
| Anti-insulin antibodies | develop in pre-type I diabetes mellitus (before insulin is used in treatment); they also develop in pts taking bovine or porcine insulin but NOT human insulin |
| Anti-islet cell antibodies | noted in 60-90% of type I DM pts; NOT present in type II DM |
| Anti-microsomal antibody | a/w Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis (97%) and Autoimmune hepatitis (70%) |
| Anti-mitochondrial antibody | present in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (90-100%) |
| Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) | present in Wegener's granulomatosis (>90%) and is a marker of dz activity; Ab is against myeloperoxidase |
| Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) | a/w polyarteritis nodosa (>80%) and other inflammatory conditions (ulcerative colitis, cresenteric glomerulonephritis; Ab is against myeloperoxidase |
| Anti-parietal cell antibody | present in 90% of pts with pernicious anemia, but also noted in chronic atrophic gastritis, thus limiting its specificity |
| Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies | Type I (blocks antibody that prevents B12 from binding to IF) and Type II (binding antibody that binds to IF or IF-B12 complex); the former has greatest specificity for diagnosing PA |
| Anti-smooth muscle antibody | a/w autoimmune hepatitis (70%) |
| Anti-thyroglobulin antibody | present in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (85%) and Graves disease (30%); less sensitive than anti-microsomal for Hashimoto's |
| Hemochromatosis | a/w HLA-A3 |
| Myasthenia gravis | a/w HLA-B8 |
| Celiac dz | a/w HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | a/w HLA-B27 |
| Multiple sclerosis | a/w HLA-DR2 |
| Type I DM | a/w HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | a/w HLA-DR4 |
| Destroy C. difficile from bedpan | autoclave |
| Blastomycosis | spores a/w beaver dams and inland waterways |
| Impetigo | more commonly caused by S. aureus than group A strep |
| Direct fluorescent antibody test | the only way to visualize organisms in a sample from a patient; treat tissue sample w/labeled Abs against a causitive agent and evaluate under scope |
| ELISA | test for Abs in a pt; link Ags to a microwell plate, add pt serum, then add enzyme-linked Ab conjugate; a color change indicates that the Ag was present in the pt |
| Indirect fluorescent Ab test | test for presence of Abs in a pt; take lab-raised pathogen and treat it w/pt's serum then add labeled Abs against human Ig; if Abs are present, the sample fluoresces |
| Radioimmunoassay | test for Abs in a patient; similar to ELISA but instead of a fluorescent label it uses radioactivity |
| Western blot | detects Abs in a pt; great for HIV dx, though it is expensive and time consuming |
| Brucellosis (brucella abortus) | mc species to cause endocarditis; a/w occupational exposure in vets, ranchers and those handling carcasses (malaise, drenching sweats, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, petechiae, cardiac murmur (aortic valve > mitral valve)) |
| recurrent infxn with S. aureus and Aspergillus | suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease (a defect in NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, resulting in inability to make toxic oxygen metabolites following phagocytosis); other bugs are Nocardia and Salmonella |
| Deficiency of C5 | makes pts prone to infxn by G(-) bacteria, especially Neisseria |
| IgA deficiency | most common immunodeficiency w/inc predisposition for autoimmune disorders, respiratory infxns and milk allergy |
| Thymic hypoplasia | d/t defective development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches; dec Tcell levels = more prone to viral and fungal infxns, hypocalcemia and parathyroid insuffiencies |
| LFA-1 | responsible for binding btw monocytes, Tcells, MQs, PMNs and dendritic cells and injured endothelium; it is a b2 integrin that interacts with ICAM-1 (has 5 Ig-like domains); the interaction promotes adhesion necessary for diapedesis in acute inflammation |
| CD28 and B7 | complementary molecules expressed on Tcells and APCs; role in Tcell activation |
| CR3 and ICAM-1 | promotes movement through ECM and encourages phagocytosis |
| MAdCAM-1 and L-selectin | responsible for homing lymphocytes to mucosal surfaces |
| P selectin and addressins | complementary molecules found on endothelium and platelets; initiate clotting process in area of acute inflammation |
| HLA-DR4 (class II MHC complex) | present in pts with persistant arthritis d/t Lyme disease |
| Interferon alpha | product of leukocytes that inhibits viral replication |
| Interferon beta | product of fibroblasts that inhibits viral replication |
| Interferon gamma | a product of TH1 cells that act on macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activities (intracellular killing in phagocytes) |
| Interleukin 2 | a product of TH cells that causes proliferation (cloning) of other lymphocytes |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha | a product of MQs and NK cells; it is cytotoxic for tumor cells, induces cytokine production and causes cachexia of chronic inflammation |
| Specificity | how many people do not have the disease in question; (true negatives)/(true negatives + false positives) |
| Sensitivity | how many people with the disease test positive |
| Predictive value of a positive or negative test | take the number of positive or negative tests and divide it by the total number who did or did not have the dz |
| Efficiency of a test | the proportion of all subjects who were correctly classified by the test |
| Single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses | Coxsackie viruses (Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus) and Picornoviruses |
| Double stranded DNA viruses | Pox viruses, Herpes viruses, Adenoviruses |
| Double stranded RNA viruses | Reoviruses, HIV |
| single stranded negative sense RNA viruses | Orthomyxoviruses |
| Single Stranded DNA virus | Parvoviruses |
Created by:
bscaryp