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Stack #39290
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic System | function is t filter and phagocytosis; drains excess fluid that does not return to the blood; filters, absorbs protein and traps bacteria |
| Lymph | tissue fluid |
| Parts of the Lymphatic System | spleen, thymus, lymph nodes |
| Types of Lymphatic Vessels | superficial, deep |
| Superficial | toward the surface, just below the skin |
| Mammary Lymphatic Vessels | in the breast |
| Femoral Lymphatic Vessels | in the thigh |
| Main Networks of Nodes | axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes |
| Axillary Lymph Nodes | found in the upper extremities including the chest and the breast |
| Inguinal Lymph Nodes | filter the lower extremities |
| Main Systems of the Lymphatic System | right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | only receives lymph from the right half of the body above the diaphragm; empties the lymph into the right subclavian (veins) |
| Thoracic Duct | drains the body (except the upper right half) into the left subclavian |
| Subclavian Veins | receive lymph form the two terminal lymphatic vessels |
| Other Lymphatic Tissue | tonsils |
| Tonsils | come in pairs; palatine, pharyngeal, lingual |
| Palatine | on each side of the soft palate; tonsils that are removed for a tonsillectomy; on each side ofht etongue |
| Pharyngeal | behind the nose in the upper throat; known as the adenoids; usually removed when the palatine tonsils are removed; will decrease snoring (breathing) |
| Lingual | behind or at the back of the tongue; all tonsils come in pairs; funky looking |
| Thymus | located behind the sternum; plays a key role in development of the immune system before birth and a few months after birth |
| Thymosin | hormone of the thymus that stimulates the development of lymphocytes, specifically T lymphocytes (T cells); shrinkes after puberty and becomes connective tissue and fat |
| T-cells | very important to promote growth and activity of hte lymphocytes |
| Spleen | a lymphoid organ that filters blood; removes worn out red blood cells |
| Function of the Spleen | filtration and phagocytosis; able to cleanse our blood; destroys old red blood cells; produces RBC's befor birth; storage area for blood in case of an emergency |
| Reticuloendothelial System | contains related cells that are concerned with the destruction of worn out bloods cells, bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign substances |
| Monocytes | develop into macrophages that eat up worn out blood cells, bacteria, cancer cells and foreign substances (type of WBC) |
| Macrophages | phagocytes that develop from a monocyte (type of WBC); called Kupffer cells, AKA dust cells |
| Phagocyte | macrophage turns into phagocyte |
| Kupffer's cells | special cells found in the liver; in the sinusoids; monocytes that turn into macrophages; destroy harmful substances |
| Sinusoids | channels of blood |
| Endothelium | tissue that makes up the lymphatic capillaries |
| Hilus | indented area of an organ where vessels enter and leave; from an artery, exit via a vein |
| Reticuloendothelial System | one mechanism for disease fighting and destruction of invaders, this system is described as a non-specific defense |
| Immune System | referred to as a specific defense because it acts against particular harmful agents |
| Types of Immunity | inborn immunity, acquired immunity, naturally acquired immunity, artificially acquired immunity, artificial passive immunity, |
| Inborn Immunity | inherited |
| Types of Inborn Immunity | species immunity, population immunity, individual immunity |
| Species Immunity | affects one group-animal or man-not both |
| Population Immunity | when certain groups of people are affected by desease (nationalities, races, or cultures) |
| Individual Immunity | some people are affected and others are not; Ex: some people get cold sores- others do not |
| Acquired Immunity | develops during a lifetime as a person is exposed to disease; starts with antigens |
| Antigen | any foreign substance that enters the body to induce an immune response; stimulates activity of lymphocytes called T or B cells |
| T-cells | come from stem cells in the bone marrow; functions are to destroy foreign cells directly, release substances to stimulate helper T-cells, and suppress the immune response |
| Types of T-cells | cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells, memory T-cells |
| Cytotoxic T-cells | "killer" cells; directly destroy foreign cells |
| Helper T-cells | act on specific cells and destroy them |
| Memory T-cells | remember an antigen and respond to it rapidly if that antigen is met again |
| Interleukins | function is to stimulate the growth of T-cells; released when macrophages combine with T-cells |
| B-cells | come from stem cells in the bone marrow; another type of lymphocyte; active in immunity; produce antibodies; AKA plasma cells; produce antibodies known as immunoglobulins |
| Immunoglobulins | produced in response to an antigen; antibodies are then released into the blood stream and provide humoral immunity (humoral- body fluids) |
| Gamma globulin | the fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies |
| Complement | a group of blood proteins that aid in the destruction of foreign cells |
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | a natural, active immunity; when a host (person) is involved in the production of antibodies; when a person has been exposed to a specific disease Ex: exposure to measles- body produces antibodies against the measles |
| Natural Passive Immunity | immunity acquired when antibodies come from an outside source Ex: mom to baby in womb; breastfeeding- in colostrum- very high in antibodies |
| Artificially Acquired Immunity | an active immunization; a vaccination; receiving an injection to prevent a disease |
| Types of Vaccines | used for active immunization; attenuated, toxoid, recombinant DNA |
| Attenuated | weakened organism is injected into a patient to stimulate antibody production to prevent disease |
| Toxoid | vaccine produced from actual toxins; altered by heat or chemicals to reduce its harmfulness Ex: tetanus |
| Recombinant DNA | antigens are extracted and purified then used for immunization Ex: Hepatitus B |
| Artificial Passive Immunity | the immunization is going to give instant protection, but it is short lived |
| Antitoxin | an immune serum that neutralizes a bacterial poison; Ex: venom from a snake |
| Example of Natural Active Immunity | host produces antibodies; acquired from contact with specific diseases |
| Example of Natural Passive Immunity | antibodies from an outside source; to the fetus from the mother |
| Example of Artificial Active Immunity | from a vaccination |
| Example of Artificial Passive Immunity | short lived |
| Attenuated | weakened |
Created by:
Supernurse