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Stack #38367
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stimulus | any change in the internal or external environment of the body |
| Stimuli | detected through sensory receptors |
| Special Senses | vision, hearing, taste, smell |
| General Senses | pressure, heat and cold, pain, touch (tactile) |
| Sensory Adaptation | when the receptors adjust to the environment Ex: bath- check water with feet, feel hot, then adjust |
| The Eye | very delicate organ; protected by eyelashes and eyelids- protect the anterior eye from foreign abjects; tears also protect (from lacrimal ducts) |
| Conjunctiva | the sac lined with epithelial membrane; separates the front of the eye from the rest of the eyeball, conjuctivitis- pink eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva; covering over the white part of the eye |
| Three Layers of the Eye | sclera, choroid, retina |
| Sclera | outermost layer; appears to us white; under the conjunctiva |
| Choroid | where the blood vessels are located |
| Retina | innermost layer; contains ten different layers- nerve cells which act as the receptors for the sense of vision; the receptor cells for vision are called rods and cones |
| Rods | necessary for night vision; detect black and white |
| Cones | day vision; sensitive to color |
| Refraction | the bending of light rays to enable objects to be focused on the retina |
| Transparent Refracting Parts | media; refract light; cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous body(humor) |
| Cornea | covers the iris and the pupil at the front of the eye |
| Aqueous Humor | nourishes the anterior part of the eye |
| Crystalline Lens | circular, jelly-like material that sits behind the cornea; lens that is removed if the patient has a cataract |
| Vitreous Body (Humor) | maintains the shape of the eyeball; is behind the lens |
| Functions of the Retina | perceives images, receptor cells, fovea centralis |
| Retina | perceives images |
| Receptor Cells | rods- black and white, night; cones- color, day |
| Fovea Centralis | light focuses here; directly in the back of the eye; the point of sharpest vision |
| Intrinsic Muscles | involuntary; iris, pupil, |
| Iris | colored portion of the eye, regulates the amount of light entering the eye |
| Pupil | black area of the eye; dilation of the pupil of the eye will allow more light to enter the eye |
| Accomadation | changes in the thickness of the lens for near vision |
| Presbyopia | "old eye"; common to older age; when eye accommadation has decreased; when people need bifocals |
| Myopia | nearsighted |
| Hyperopia | farsighted |
| Extrinsic Muscles | voluntary; move eyeball around; centers on one visual field |
| Nerve Supplies to the Eye | optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, opthalmic branch, optic disk |
| Optic Nerve | carnial nerve II; carries visual impulses to the brain from the rods and cones of the retina |
| Oculomotor Nerve | cranial nerve III; conducts impulses for movement of the eyeball |
| Opthalmic Branch | AKA trigeminal- cranial nerve V; carries impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the eye to the brain |
| Optic Disk | circular area on the surface of the retina where there is no visual ability , "the blind spot" |
| Visual Impulses | transmitted from the retina to the occipital lobe of the brain |
| External Parts of the Ear | pinna, meatus, tympanic membrane, eustachian tube |
| Pinna | the cartilage projecting part of the ear (AKA auricle) |
| Meatus (external auditory meatus) | tube-shaped opening; area where you can see cerumen |
| Tympanic Membrane | AKA ear drum; end of the external auditory canal; begins the middle ear |
| Eustachian Tube | AKA auditory tube; unique structure in that it connects the middle ear to the pharynx (throat); primary function- aids in hearing by helping to keep pressure equal on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
| Middle Ear | ossicles, oval window |
| Ossicles | function is to transmit sound waves |
| Malleus | hammer; connects with the tympanic membrane |
| Incus | anvil |
| Stapes | stirrup; directly next to the oval window; transmits sounds or sound waves to the fluid in the internal ear |
| Oval Window | membrane that begins the internal ear |
| Internal Ear | AKA bony labyrinth; filled with fluid; perilymph, vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea, organ of Corti |
| Perilymph | fluid that fills the inner ear or bony labyrinth |
| Three Divisions Within the Internal Ear | vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea |
| Vestibule | first section of the inner ear; organ of equilibrium |
| Semi-circular canals | very bone process; organ of equilibrium |
| Cochlea | snail-shaped portion of the internal ear that contains the Organ of Corti |
| Organ of Corti | organ of hearing |
| Cranial Nerve VIII | vestibulocochlear nerve- sends the message to brain |
| Taste Buds | on tongue; detect flavor; sweet ones last the longest; others aren't as sharp in elderly |
| Sweet Taste Buds | on tip of tongue |
| Sour Taste Buds | on the sides of the tongue |
| Salty Taste Buds | on the anterior sides of the tongue |
| Bitter Taste Buds | on the back of the tongue |
| Taste | dectected by two cranial nerves- facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) |
| Olfactory Nerve | cranial nerve I |
| General Senses | touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
| Touch | tactile |
| Pressure | can be experienced even with anesthesia |
| Temperature | hot and cold; adaptation |
| Pain | protective sense |
| Endorphins | released by the brain after pain perception |
| Position | aided by equilibrium but also helps with muscle contraction |
| Cerebellum | part of our brain that controls and coordinates voluntary muscles; maintains balance and muscle tone |
Created by:
Supernurse