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Final Packet for T1
electrochem
| Question | |
|---|---|
| Plasma membrane not permeable to | protiens and nuclei acids |
| Plasma membrane is permeable to | nutrients, water |
| Plasma mem-is selectivityly permeable to | ions |
| Ions allow for a | electrochemical currents used for impulses- |
| Concentration gradients all subtances move from | regions of higer concentration to regions of lower conc |
| Relationship between conc of solutes and water | ^solutes, decreased water, water move from low solutes to high solutes |
| Types of solutes | Na+ K, Cl, glucose |
| Na+ is more likely located | extracellularly |
| K+ is more likely located | intracellularly |
| Ca+ is more likely located | extracellcularly |
| Cl is more likely located | extracellularly |
| Nuerons exsist in a steady state b/c of | osmotic forces, and concentration gradients |
| What are aquaporins | proteins in cell membrane that all for cells to reach QUICK osmotic equilibrium b/c of transmembrane pores |
| Congential abnormailites assoiated w lact of AQP10 | cataracts |
| Disorder with lack okf AQP4 | deafness |
| RMP is | - 70 MV |
| 3 types of specialized fluids | EC space of brain, cochlead, and eye |
| Brain is bathed in | CFS |
| CFS is a solution low in | protein |
| Chochlea fluid is | endolymph |
| Endolymph is high in | Vit K |
| Special fluid in eye | cillary body of eye makes a nurient solution |
| Fluid of eye flows past | lens, and is removed by veins of iris |
| 2 distinct surfaces of Epithelial cells | Basolteral surface, and Apical surface |
| Basolater surface is | the base and sides of cells, in contact with interstital fluid |
| Apical surface faces | the lumen |
| All specialize fluid flows across | epithelial layers |
| Where Na/K is located | Basolateral surface of epithelial cells |
| Expections of location of Na/K | Choriod plexus, and epithelia of pigmented retina |
| Graded potential | due to changes in ionic permeability of a sensory R's cell membrane |
| Ordinary feelings and sensations begin with | graded potentials |
| Excitory or inhibitory potential | nervous input inducing of inhibiting AP |
| Action Potential | regenerative electrical singal |
| Graded responses | direct result of stimulus opening memb channels, or increasing the current thru exsisting membrane channels |
| Synapse is | the function connection between a presynaptic, and a postsynapic |
| The synapse in the CNS is | 2nd cell always a nueron |
| The synapse in the PNS is | 2nd cell be be a nueron or effector cell |
| NT can work 2 ways | 1. open memb directly, 2. indirectly |
| Chemical vs Electrical synapses | chemical w/ NT, Electrical, are rare in NS |
| 3 electrical synapses requirements | 2 cells must be about the same in size, 2. join by areas of low electrical resistance, and 3. impulses can be regenerated w/o interruption |
| Gap junctions are | adjacent cells that PAPI are electrically coupled |
| Fuctions of Gap Junctions | PAPI- present in cardiac, and smooth, Aloow exciting and rythmic contraction, presnt in embroyonic tissues, but disappear once spealized, and between glial cells |
| What allows excitation and rhythmic contraction of large masses of musle cells | gap junction |
| What is indentify as between glial cells, | Gap juctions |
| Presyanptic ending is separated from post by | synaptic cleft |
| Transmission across majority of synapses in NS is | one way, and used NT |
| Ach opens Nicotinic R's at NMJ | directly-as an ion channel |
| Ach opens Muscarinic R's by | G-proteins, it indirectly open's K+ channels |
| Ach is ALWAYs an excitory NT | by some neurons in CNS, and Motors neurons at NMJ |
| ACh may be excitotry or inhibitory in | Autonmic nervous system |
| ACh found in autonomic ganglia, and Skeletal muscle fibers | Nicontinic ACh receptors |
| ACH R' foudn in plasma membrane of smooth musxle cells, cardic, and some glands | Muscarinic AcH |
| What ACh is require for regulation of cardiovascular system | Muscarinic AcH |
| AcH that uses ligand operated channels | Nicontinic R's (open) |
| AcH assocaited with G-Protein Channels | Muscarinic |
| ACh works by 2 subunits binding | Nicotinic |
| ACH works with binding of 1 ACh | Muscarinic |
| What ACh cause indirect opening of K+ | Muscarinic |
| Opening of K+ from Muscarinic causes | hyperpolarization |
| What is a motor unit? | a motor neuron adn all the muscle fiber it innervates |
| What is a motor end plate? | specialized disk-shaped region @ axon terminal |
| What happens at depolarization | at theshold, voltage gate Na open, and driven inward, this makes the neuron more positive |
| Postive feedback loop | one some Na cannels open, so do more |
| Depolarization occur via | diffusion and DO NOT require active transport |
| The lenght of time that Na and K+ are open | doesnt matter |
| A stonger stimuls cannot produce | an AP of greater amplitutude |
| STIMULUS STRENGHT IS increased by | FREQUENCY |
| What happens when a collection of axon are stiumulated | different axons have different thresholds |
| If a weak stimulus is given to a collection of axons | only the ones w/ low thresholds will be actived |
| When an entire collection of axons is exposed to a stong stimulus | will active low threshold axons and high---all |
| Absolute Refractory period is | the interval when an axon is incapable of responding to another stimulus |
| Ball and chain effect relates to | Absoulte refractor period |
| Relative Refractory Period | transition of voltage-gated NA channels go from inactivate state====to closed state deals with K+ |
| Only can stimulate axon again when | more Na channels are closed, rather than inactivated |
| Why is relative refractory period only a theory? | b/c during this time K+ are still open, which makes it even harder to depolarize the membrane |
| What are cable properties? | ability of a neuron to transmit charges though its cytoplasm |
| Axon cable properties are poor b/c | cytoplasm has high resistance, and leaks through ion channels |
| What patch of membrane can produce an AP | any membrane that have Na and K |
| Are AP truly conducted? | NO each AP is separate complete event |
| What would happen if myelin sheats were continuous | AP wouldnt be produced |
| Interruption of myelin sheaths are called | nodes of Ranvier |
| What is highly concentrated at nodes of ranvier | Na cannels |
| What only occurs at nodes of Ranvier | AP |
| Saltatory conduction | AP leaping node to node |
| NO AP occur under | myelin, becuause Ions cant flow across myelinated membrane |
| The speed of AP conductance is increased by | 1. increased diameter, 2 myelination |
| The thinnest axons tend to be | unmyelinated |
| How does the Brain communicate | by NT's |
| What are Nuerotransmitters? | chemical mess. that change the electrical activity of neurons after they have bound to their specific Receptors on cell membranes |
| What are targets of drugs used to treat NS diseases | NT's |
| Explain Synatic and NT release | NT released from presynaptic, and diffuse acroos synaptic cleft, and bind to its R on postsynaptic |
| NT's alter 3 things | electrical, biochemical, or genetic alteration |
| Nonsynatic occurs | less frequenct |
| Nonsynaptic NT is released | at site w/o synaptic specializations, adn DIFFUSES R's at distant sites an on >l neuron |
| Synaptic vs. Nonsynaptic depends on | 1. the presynatic NT, 2. Type of Postsynaptic 3. Intracellular mechanism of NT in target cell |
| Who discovered NT, and when, and how | Otto Loewi, in 192, in a dream |
| How Otto Lowei set experiment | used frog hearts, one w/ vagus nerve, and another w/o but connected by saline |
| Results from Lwoewi, called this chemical Vagusstoff | AKA, Acetycholine |
| In order to be a Neurotransmitter must follow #6 Criteria | 1. Chemical must be produced by a neuron 2. The chemical must be found in a neuron 3. A neuron must release the chemical 4. When chemical released it must act on a post-synatpic and cause a biological effect 5. Chemical must be inactivated 6. |
| 2 categories of NT | Small mol, and Neuropeptides |
| Types of small molecule NT's | AA's Biogenic amine, Nuclotides, and nucleosides, and other |
| Types of Neuropeptides | GOT POP? Opioid, Posterior Pituitary,Tachkinins, Glucagon-related Peptides, Pancreatic polypeptide-related, Other |
| Types of Amino Acid NT, | sm. mol-(G's) GABA, and Glumate, Glycine |
| Types of Biogenic amines | AcH, Monoamines (Catecholamines, NE,E, Serotonin, Histamine |
| Types of Nucleotides and Nucleosides | Adenosine and ATP |
| Nitric Oxide is what type of NT | sm. mol |
| Type of Opiod Peptides | Beta Endorphins |
| Type of Postrior Pituitary | Oxtocin |
| Type of Tachkinins | Substance P |
| Type of Glucagon-related | Glucagon |
| Type of Panceratic polypetide | Neuropeptide Y |
| What NT is Angiotensin II? | Neuropeptides |
| What NT are responsible for majority of signaling | GABA, and Glutamate |
| Neural canal gives rise to | central central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain |
| Choroid plexus develops from | clusters of cells on the walls of each ventricle |
| What happens in the 4th ventricle during development? | 3 openings eventually appear |
| As the 4th ventricle forms what happens? | the membrane things, and breaks resulting in The foramen of Magendie, and 2 lateral holes of Foramina of Luschka |
| What is signal transduction? | deals w/ receptors transformting fuctions |
| Types of signal transduction (receptors) | Ligand-gated, Ligand dependent, G-protiens, Single Transmemrane |
| More sensitve to Ca | Large Dense core vesicles |
| Type of Synapses | Electrical and Chemical |
| Synaptic potential what is and does | uses NT to communicate from cell to cell--open membranes direclt/indirectly |
| Synaptic Delay | time from presynaptic relase to postsynaptic activation |
| What influences Synaptic delay | variable, b/c transduction mechanism |
| Fast transmission associated w/ | sm molecules, and ligand gated channels |
| Slow transmission | nueropeptides, and g-protein |
| 2 types of vesicles | Synaptic vesciles, and Large dense core vesicles |
| Characteristics of sm vesicles | clear, appear at exocitos surfaces, electron dense |
| Synthesis and location of synaptic vesicles | (active zone) synthesis is in axon terminal |
| Characteristics of Large dense core vesicles | Electon opaqe core, located interneuronal, and axon terminal |
| Synthesis of large dense cored vesicles | synthesis only in CELL body---to large |
| Type of vesicle that is recycled | snaptic vesicle |
Created by:
talkglitter2486