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Neuro 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Directions of spinal cord and brainstem nearly straight with | superoingerior axis of the body |
| Directions relating to forebrain differ becuase | embryonic development- |
| Forebrain during embryonic development | forebrain rotates relative to midbrain unti rostrocaudal axis is formed |
| Forebrain roations creates | a sharp angle in the long axis of the CNS at the mid-brain-thalmus junction |
| Forebrain | cerebral hemispehre |
| Posterior forebrain | top of head |
| Anterior forebrain | bottom of head |
| Sympton | experienced by the patient |
| Subjective indicator | symptom-experieced by the patient |
| Objective indicator | sign-discovered, observed, and evauluated by health care professional |
| Sign | evualuated-evidence by physician |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CT useful in | visualizing the skull, and acute and subacute arachnoid hemorage (bone, and bleeding) |
| MRI use in | brain anatomy detail, crainal nerves, and tumors |
| MRA | (Nuclear)=visualized arteries,veins and velocity of blood flow |
| How CT works | x-ray imaging that measures tissue density , and effects on atoms passing thought tissue |
| Hermorrage in CT will appear | hyperdense (white)-- |
| Enhanced CT is | teachnique tha tcombines intraveously injecting iodine |
| How enchanced CT works | Iodine has a large atomic number ,and slows down x-rays |
| Vascular in Enhanced CT is seen | hyperdense (white) |
| MRI is based upon | NMR-spectorscopic technique used by scientists about molecules |
| MRI is useful in | visualizing anatmoic detail in either T1 or T2 weight items |
| Difference between T1 and T2 | CFS is black in T1, and white is T2 |
| MRI usefull in visualizing | tumors, ischemia, and edema |
| When viewing CT or MRI | oberver's right is patients left |
| Images of brain in 3 planes | axial, coronal ,and sagittal |
| Coronal image viewed | as looking patient in face |
| Axial imaged viewed | looking up from bottom of brain or anterior to posterior |
| Nerurons | 1. receive, process, and send info |
| Glia | non neuronal cell-primary function is to control the evnivronment in CNS |
| 5 functions of Glial Cells | Perms (provide structural support, essential in development of CNS, removed waster products from CNS, maintain electrochemical environment, and shuttle nutrients from blood) |
| Neurons are cell that contain | Mitochondria, RER, mirotubles |
| Contains nucleus and macromolecules | Cell body |
| Contains Nissil Bodies | Cell body aka RER |
| 3 Principles Regions of Neurons | dendrites, cell body ,and axon |
| Longer process of neuron | axon |
| Neuron that varys in lenght | axon |
| Where nerve impluse orginates | axon hillock |
| What axon terminals are capped wtih | terminal boutons |
| Mutipolar neuron | most comonnon, consists of lots of dendrites, and single axon |
| Bipolar Neuron | single axon and dendrite |
| Unipolar neuron | cells have not dendrites, and single axon, appears fused |
| Unipolar characteristics | usually inactive but important in development, seen in retina and neuroendocrine hypothalmus |
| Example of mutipolar | motor neuron |
| Axonal Transport | when neurons transport organelles and marcomolecules between the cell body and the axon and its terminal |
| Directions of transport | Anterograde and retrograde |
| Retrograde transport | transports from the terminals to cell body |
| Anterograde transport | transports from the cell body to terminals |
| Anterograde catorgories | Fast-400mm/day based on Kinesin |
| Kinesin involved in | fast transport--moves macomolecules containing vesicles and mitochondria along microtubles |
| Slow mechinaism of Anterograde | less understood--structual and metabolic components |
| Allows neurons to respond to molecules such as growth factors | retrograde |
| Functions in continual recycling of components of axonal terminal | retograde |
| Axonal Transport driven by dynenis | retrograde |
| Axonal transport plays a major role in | human neurological diseases |
| What axonal transport uses rabies | retrograde |
| How rabies replicates | replicates in muscles cells |
| How rabies is spread | transported via retrograde to cell bodies , and neurons produce and shed copies of rabies, that are taken up by terminals of adjacent cells |
| Once CNS infected with rabies | behavioral changes occur b/c virus travels from the CNS to salibary glands, and they shed the virus in the saliva |
| Nucleus (nuclei) are | a cluster of funtionally related nerve cell bodies in CNS |
| Lamina, statum are | cell bodies arranged in a layer in CNS |
| Columns are | cell bodies arranged in columnar formation |
| Tracts, fasciculi, or lemnisci are | bundles of axon in CNS |
| Funiculus or system are | a group of several tracts in CNS |
| Ganglion is | collections of cells bodys in PNS |
| Nerves, rami, or roots are | bundles of axons in PNS |
| Projection neurons | have long axons are convey signals to a distant target tissue |
| Interneurons, local circuit cells | act locally, limited near cell body |
| Dopaminergic neurons | cells that contain dopamine |
| Posterior root ganglion cells are | unipolar, sensory, afferent, and peptidergic |
| What carries a negative electrical charge | neurons |
| What is the extracellular fluid rich in? | + charge Na |
| Uneven distribution of ions is maintained by | semi-permeable plasma membrane |
| Neurotransmitters control | opening and closing of specific ion channels |
| Voltage gated channels lead to | Action Potential |
| If AP is large enough... | it is propagated down the axon to terminal |
| AP can induce release | Of NT, and stimulate ion channgel opening and voltage changes in next neuron |
| Primary sensory neurons | receive infro from the environment |
| Examples of Primary sensory neurons | Phtoreceptors. chemo, mechano, thermo, and nocieo |
| Stimulus in primary sensory neuron | generator potential |
| 4 types of Glial Cells in CNS | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Astrocytes, and Ependymal cell |
Created by:
talkglitter2486