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NL unit 2
Neurology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 lbs | average adult brain |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| inside cranium | brain |
| surrounded by spinal column | spinal cord |
| neurons | basic building blocks in the CNS |
| soma/cell body | made up of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm |
| nucleus | controlling center |
| cytoplasm | water-based substance that surrounds the nucleus |
| dendrites | receptive (afferent) |
| axons | motor (efferent) |
| afferent | transmitneural impulses to the cell body |
| efferent | transmit information away from the cell body |
| motor=efferent=transmitter=central | axons(or other fibers that serve the same function) |
| Sensory=afferent=receptor=peripheral | dendrites (or other fibers that serve the same function) |
| myelin | covers the length of the axon |
| end buttons, terminal knobs | miniscule protuberances that release an important chemical. neurotransmitter |
| multipolar | nerve cells that have many dendrites and one axon. Most located within the CNS |
| Bipolar | nerve cells that have two processes extending form each pole of the body, an afferent process and and efferent process |
| unipolar | nerve cells that are t-shaped and contain on divided process that extends from the body |
| Golgi Type I | nerve cells that have a long axon ranging from inches to feet. |
| Golgi II | nerve cells that have a short axonal process |
| synapse | space the neural impulse jumps |
| neuron | single nerve cell |
| nerve | a bundle of neuron fibers traveling in the peripheral nervous system |
| nerve tract | a bundle of neuron fibers traveling in the central nervous system |
| ganglion | a group of cell bodies that lie in the peripheral nervous system and for a nerve center. |
| nucleus | collection of cell bodies in the CNS that forms a nerve center or point of intercommunication |
| Gray matter | composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and neuroglia. |
| white matter | composed of myelinated axons |
| Cerebrum | largest and most important for speech |
| Gyri | ridges on cerebral cortex |
| Sulci | valleys on cerebral cortex |
| Central sulcus, fissure of Rolando | boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe |
| lateral fissure, fussure of sylvius | boundary of the temporal lobe |
| parieto-occipital sulcus | separates the parietal lobe for the occipital lobe |
| Primary motor cortex | controls lips, jaw, tongue and larynx. |
| premotor cortx | planning of propositional speech |
| broca's area | important for fluent well-articulated speech |
| Wernicke's area | helps humans both understand and formulate speech and language. |
| Temporal lobe | shaped like a thumb, located below the frontal and parietal lobe |
| Parietal Lobe | supra marginal gyrus and angular gyrus. Damage can lead to word finding problems |
| occupital lobe | very little relation to speech, language and hearing |
| dysarthia | a motor speech disorder typically associated with parkinson's disease |
| Cerebellum | coordinator of fine motor movements including talking |
| brain stem | connects brain with the spinal cord |
| Brain stem | connects brain with spinal cord |
| 3 structures of brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla |
| medulla | attaches to spinal cord |
| life supportin functions of brain stem | breathing swallowing heart beat regulation |
| Projection fibers | vertical direction, establsh connections btwn cortex and subcortical structures carry sensory and motor information |
| Association fibers | interconnect various areas of the cortx within each hemisphere |
| arcuate fasiculus | connects wernicke's area to brocas area |
| conduction aphasia | lesion in arcuate fasciculus |
| commissural fibers | run hoizontally and interconnect the two hemispheres |
| Peripheral nerves | carry sensory information to the brain |
| motor nerves | transmit impulses from the brain to organs |
| autonomic nerves | control involuntary functions |
| foramina | small aperture where the cranial nerves exit brainstem |
| 12 pairs | cranial nerves |
| trigeminal Nerve (V) | both sensory and motor (mouth) |
| facial nerve (VII) | mixed nerve articulation, facial experession |
| vestivulaoacoustic nerve | hearing helps brain locate ian integrate sounds. |
| glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) | mixed nerve swallowing |
| vagus nerve (X) | mixed largest cranial nerve (wandering nerve) |
| Accessory Nerve (XI) | motor nerve, spinal and cranial, turning tilting head |
| Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) | muscles of the tongue |
| Afferent root | dorsal part of spinal cord |
| efferent root | spinal cords ventral surface |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| pyramidal system | direct moto activation pathway |
| voluntary movements necessary for speech | primary motor cortex in the lower on third of the precentral gyrus |
| corticobulabr tract | fibers control all voluntary movements of the speech muscles with the exception of the respiratory muscles. |
| extrapyramidal system | and indirect activaiton system |
Created by:
dbrinker