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BIO169-Week 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the cell processes during G1 | also called gap 1; 1st phase of the cell cycle; a time of intense metabolic activity when the daughter cells are growing to mature size and function |
| Define the cell processes during G0 | cell is mature and is in a "resting" state where it is not preparing for division; normal metabolic activities are still occurring |
| Define the cell processes during S | S=synthesis; DNA replication occurs; an identical copy of genetic info is produced for each daughter cell |
| Define the cell processes during G2 | gap 2; synthesis of structural proteins and enzymes that will be needed during the process of cell division; when G2 is complete the cell will begin to divide by the process of mitosis in the M phase |
| What is the G in G0, G1, and G2 called and why? | G=gap; because it is invisible to the eye |
| what are labile cells? | cells which continue to cycle continuously throughout their lifetime |
| what are examples of labile cells? | epidermal cells in the skin (stratum basale) and cells forming the mucosal lining of the intestinal tract; also stem cells in the bone marrow |
| what are stable cells? | cells which reproduce until a critical number is reached at which time they will enter G0; this "resting phase" is reversible in these cells and if the organ incurs damage, the healthy cells can re-enter the cell cycle and divide to replace those lost |
| What are examples of stable cells? | cells of most organs are of this type |
| what are permanent cells? | cells that enter G0 and cannot reenter the cell cycle |
| What are examples of permanent cells? | the cells of the central nervous system are examples of this type; these cell types exist in only a few tissues |
| What is interphase? is it part of mitosis? | interphase represents the cell cycle before mitosis; it is not part of mitosis, and includes G1, G0, S, and G2 phases |
| What are the phases of mitosis in order? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What is mitosis? | the form of cell division where identical daughter cells are formed from the parent cell; used for all processes of growth, development, and repair |
| What is the division of cytoplasm called? | cytokinesis |
| What occurs during prophase? | 1) nuclear membrane breaks down; 2) centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and begin fo form spindle fibers 3) chromatin condense to form 46 chromosomes (each made of 2 chromatids held together by a centromere) |
| What occurs during metaphase? | chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell; the centromere of each chromosome becomes associated with a spindle fiber |
| What occurs during anaphase? | the centromeres divide and each chromatid is now an individual chromosome; the chromosomes migrate to oppposite poles of the cell |
| What occurs during telophase? | cytokinesis begins; 1) nuclear membranes form in each daughter cell 2) the chromosomes in each daughter cell uncoil and form chromatin |
| What is the function of the soma? | contains receptors for neurotransmitters; also contains most cell organelles |
| What are the Nissl bodies? | involved in protein synthesis for axonal sprouting during regeneration |
| What are the dendrites? | peripheral processes which conducts information toward from the soma |
| What is the axon? | central process which conducts information away from the soma |
| What is the myelin? | complex lipoprotein which acts as an elictrical insulator around many of the axons |
| What is the Nod of Ranvier? | gap in myelin sheath that is needed for saltatory conduction |
| What is the Schwann cell? | neuroglial cell which produces myelin (in the peripheral nervous system) |
| What are oligodendrocytes? | myelin forming cells in the central nervous system |
| What are neurilemma (aka Schwann cell sheath) | directs axonal sprouting during nerve regeneration |
| What is the axon terminal (or synaptic knob)? | synthesizes, stores, and releases neurotransmitter |
| What is the synapse (aka synaptic cleft?) | the space between the ending of one neuron and either another neuron or muscle; the neurotransmitter diffuses across this space |
Created by:
debmurph