| Question |
Answer |
| Where are the kidneys located in association to the vertebrae? |
Lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae |
| Compare the location of the right and left kidney? |
Right kidney is lower than the left |
| Are the kidneys Retroperitoneally located or Interperitoneally located? |
Retroperitoneally located |
| The kidneys are surrounded by layers of what? |
fascia and fat |
| What cushions the kidney against trauma and helps hold them in place? |
perirenal and pararenal fat |
| What are the dimensions of the average kidney? |
12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick |
| What surrounds the kidney |
Renal Capsule |
| Where do blood vessels enter and exit the kidney? |
HILUM on concave medial surface |
| Where are the adrenal gland in association with the kidney? |
adrenal glands sit on top but they are functionally unrelated |
| What are the internal parts of the kidney? |
1. Cortex, 2. Medulla, 3. Lobes, 4. Renal Sinus |
| What region of the kidney is the cortex and what is its appearance like? |
cortex in superficial region; light and granular appearance |
| What does the cortex of the kidney form? |
RENAL COLUMNS that form inward extensions and separate the renal pyramids |
| Where is the Medulla region of the kidney and what is its appearance like? |
deep to the superficial cortex and darker in color |
| What does the Medulla consist of? |
Consists of PYRAMIDS (cone shaped masses) |
| What is the papilla in a kidney? |
the pyramid's apex in the medulla |
| How many lobes are in EACH kidney? |
5-11 lobes |
| What do the lobes of kidneys consist of? |
single medullary pyramid plus cortical tissue that surrounds it |
| Where are the renal columns in kidneys formed and what do they do? |
formed in cortex and they separate renal pyramids in medulla |
| What is the Renal Sinus of the kidney? |
large filled space in the middle of the kidney |
| How does the renal sinus open up to the exterior? |
Renal hilum |
| What does the Renal Sinus contain? |
1. Renal vessels, nerves, fat,
2. Renal Pelvis
3. Calices |
| What is the Renal Pelvis and where is it located? |
a expanded superior of the ureter and it resides in the renal sinus |
| What are the minor calix and major calix of kidney? |
in renal sinus they are extension of renal pelvis. major calix is superior to renal pelvis while minor calix is inferior to renal pelvis |
| What is the order of urine flow? |
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder
4. Urethra |
| Order of blood flow in arteries in kidneys. |
Renal Arteries to 5 segmental arteries to interlobar arteries to arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries which supply renal cortex |
| Order of blood flow in veins in kidneys. (Renal Cortex) |
Cortical radiate veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to renal veins |
| Where do filtration slits form in the kidneys? |
Visceral layer of the Glomerular capsule |
| What does the Visceral Filtration Membrane do? |
1. Restric the filtration of large elements and proteins
2. Allows passage of water, ions, glucose, aminos acids, and urea |
| What restrict the filtration of large lements and proteins? |
Visceral Filtration Membrane |
| Describe filtration of blood in Urine Production? |
-by Glomerulus- filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries and enters the nephron |
| What are the three mechanisms of Urine Production? |
1. Filtration by Glomerulus
2. Reabsorption by Tubules
3. Secretion by Tubues |
| Describe Reabsorption in Urine production. |
-most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed and returned to blood of capillaries (99% renal filtrate is absorbed)
-1% of waste products contribute to formation of urine |
| Describe Secretion in Urine Production. |
-this is the active process of removing undesirable molecules into the tubule from the blood of capillaries
-Supplements formation of urine |
| What does the Juxtaglomerular Appartus do? |
regulates blood pressure |
| Where is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus located? |
at the junction between the terminal end of ascending limb of loop of henle and the afferent arteriole |
| What do Juxtaglomerular Cells do? |
act as a mechanoreceptors by secreting RENIN when sensing falling blood pressure |
| What are two components of the Juxtaglomerular Appartus? |
1. Justaglomerular Cells
2. Macula Densa |
| What do Macula Densa do? |
act as chemoreceptors to monitor solute concentration in filtrate |
| What do Mesangial cells do in the Kidneys? |
Interact with Juxtaglomerular Appartus to regulate blood pressure |
| What is the main structural and functional structure of the kidney? |
Uriniferous tubules |
| What are the components of the Urinferous Tubules |
1. Nephron (Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubules)
2. Collecting Duct |
| What does the collecting duct do? |
concentrates urine by removing water |
| What are the two types of Nehprons and what percentage does each make up? |
1. Cortical Nephrons 85% of Nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons 15% of Nephrons |
| How do loops of henle act in Cortical Nephrons? |
dip only a short distance into the medulla |
| How do loops of Henle act in Juxtamedullary Nephrons? |
go deep into the medulla and help produce a concentrated urine |
| The Renal Corpuscle of Nephron is only present in? |
cortex |
| What does the Renal Corpuscle of Nephron consist of? |
a glomerulus surrounded by a glomerular capsule |
| What are the two layers of the Glomerular Capsule? |
Parietal layer and the Visceral layer |
| Which layer of the Glomerular capsule of the Renal Corpuscle forms filtration slits? |
Visceral layer |
| What are the three tubular sections of the Nephron and where are they? |
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule- in cortex
2. Loop of Henle- in medulla
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule- in cortex |
| What part of the Loop of Henle resembles the Proximal Convoluted Tubule? |
Descending Limb |
| What part of the Loop of Henle resembles the Distal Convoluted Tubule? |
Thick segment |
| Both of the convoluted tubules (distal and proximal) have lots of what? |
mitochondria and ions |
| Collecting Ducts receive what from where? |
Receive urine from distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons |
| Where are the collecting ducts? |
runs through cortex deep into medulla |
| What happens at the papilla of the pyramid? |
adjacent collecting ducts join to form papillary ducts |
| What do papillary ducts that are formed by collecting ducts do? |
empty into minor calices |
| ?What do Ureters do? |
carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| What prevents back flow of urine into the kidneys? |
oblique entry of ureters into bladder |
| What are the three layers of the ureters and what kinda tissue do they have? |
1. Mucosa- transitional epithelium
2. Muscularis- two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
3. Adventitia- typical connective tissue |
| What is the urinary bladder? |
a collapsible muscular sac |
| What does the urinary bladder do? |
Stores and expels urine |
| What are the three layers of the wall of the urinary bladder? |
1. Mucosa with distensible TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
2. Thick muscular layer
3. Fibrous adventitia |
| What is the trigone? |
defined by the openings for both ureters and urethra |
| What are the three parts of the urethra in males? |
From top to bottom
1. Prostatic Urethra
2. Membranous Urethra
3. Spongy (Penile) Urethra |
| Where is the Prostatic Urethra? |
passes through the prostate gland |
| Where is the Membranous Urethra? |
Passes through the uriogenital diaphragm |
| Where is the Spongy Urethra? |
Passes through the length of the penis. |
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