| Question |
Answer |
| Genetics |
Study of ways that hereditary information is passed from parents to offspring. |
| Hydrid |
offspring of pure bred parents, show one contrasting trait, not the other. |
| P generation |
Parent |
| F1 generation |
First filial |
| F2 generation |
Second filial |
| Law of dominance |
When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid |
| Law of segregation |
Factors that occur in pairs are separated from each other during haploid formation and recombined at fertilization |
| Genes |
Factors |
| Alleles |
Different copy of forms of genes controlling certain trait |
| Homozygous |
Both alleles are the same (pure bred) |
| Heterozygous |
Alleles are different (hybrid) |
| Genotype |
Genetic makeup (tall and short --> Tt) |
| Phenotype |
Physical trait that an organism develops (tall --> Tall) |
| Chance |
No one outcome is more likely to happen than another |
| Test Cross |
Individual with an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual. The phenotype of the offspring help is figure out what the genotype is |
| Incomplete dominance |
Both alleles contribute to a phenotype that is unlike either parent Representation: Capital letter for each allele Example: Japanes 4 o'clock flower |
| Codominance |
Two dominance alleles at the same time Representation: Capital letter with subscripts Example: |
| Multiple alleles |
More than 2 alleles for a gene in the species Representation: Each individual only has two alleles Example: Human blood type |
| Sex chromosomes |
Unmatched chromosome pair |
| Sex-linked trait |
Traits controlled by a gene on the sex chromosome |
| Linkage group |
All the genes on the same chromosome |
| Crossing over |
Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis |
| Polygenic/ Multiple inheritance |
Traits are controlled by two or more genes |
| Semi- conservative replication |
One stand (half of "ladder") of old DNA is part of new DNA |
| One-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis |
The synthesis of each polypeptide is directed by a different gene |
| Transcription |
Copy from DNA to mRNA |
| Translation |
Using RNA to make polypeptides |
| mRNA |
Strand of RNA that copies a genetic message from DNA |
| tRNA |
Pick up only one kind of amino acid |
| Codon |
Each group of three bases on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid |
| Anticodon |
Complement of a mRNA codon |
| Mutations |
Sudden change in the structure or amount of genetic material |
| Chromosomal mutation |
Translocation, Inversion, Addision, Deletion, Nondisjunction, Polyploidy |
| Gene mutation |
Point mutation, Frameshift mutation |
| Mutagens |
Environmental factors that cause mutation |
| Polyploidy |
Organism has more than normal number of copies of chromosomes |
| Point mutation |
One nucleotide changes normally results in substitution of one amino acid |
| Frameshift mutation |
nucleotides are added or deleted |
| Genetic engineering |
DNA manipulation |
Biology Lab Midterm
