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Bio Test 2
Macromolecules and the cell orgenelles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the basic features of a cell: | Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes. |
| What are two aspects of a prokaryotic cell? | Co not contain a nucleus, have their DNA located in a region called nucleoid--lakcs a membrane |
| Define Lipid: | Lipds are large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers |
| What are two characteristics of a lipid and an example: | Hydrophobic, and consists of hydrocarbons, like steroids |
| Fats: | Macromolecules assembled from smaller molecules via dehydration reactions. |
| What two components make up a fat? | Glecerol and Fatty acids |
| What is a glycerol? | Alcohol with three carbons with 3 oh groups |
| Fatty acid: | Chain of 16-18 carbons |
| Phospholipid: | Two fatty acids attached to glycerol whose third hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate with a negative charge |
| What happens when phosphollipids are added to water? | assemble into bilayers with a hydrophobic tail and hydrollitic heat. |
| What are four roles of proteins in a cell? | Tansport, speed up chemical reactions through enzymes, structural support, storage, and movement |
| What is the most important type of protein? | Enzymes |
| Proteins are made up of what? | Polymers made from 20 amino acids |
| Polypeptides: | Polymers of amino acids |
| Amino Acids are: | MOnomers possessing both carboxyl and amino groups, and differ in their properties depending on R groups |
| How are amino acids linked? | Polypeptide bonds |
| Primary Structure: | Unique sequence of amino acids in polyeptide |
| SEcondary: | folding or coiling of polypeptide into a repeating configuration |
| What is the coil in secondary structure? | a helix |
| what is the b pleated sheet? | two or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by h-bonds |
| Tertiary: | 3D shape because of R groups |
| Quaternary: | aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits |
| Sickle cell disease | results from the slightest change in primary structure, hemoglobin molecules tend to crystalize, deforming RBC's |
| What 3 things determines protein conformation | Ph, Salt concentration, temperature |
| Chaperonins: | Proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
| What are the three functions of DNA? | 1) its own replication 2)RNA synthesis 3) Through RNA, controls protein synthesis |
| MRNA | conveys the gentic instruction from the nucleus to cytoplasm |
| Nucleic Acids: | macromolecules that exist as polymers that consists of monomers called nucleotides |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide: | 1)Nitrogenous base, Pentose ring, phosphate group |
| What are the two famillllies of a nitrogenous base? | 1) Pyrimidines and purines. |
| What are pyrimidines made of? | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
| What're purines made of? | Adenine and guinine |
| Which is larger, purines or pyrimidines? | Purines are larger because they have a 5-ring to a 6 ring |
| How are nucleotides linked together? | Through polynucleotides, posphodiester linkages. |
| When four polypeptides exist with an alpha helix, the structures that exist are: | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Under which of the following conditions would you expect fo find a cell with a prodominance of free ribosomes? | One that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes |
| What is the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system? | Rough ER--vesicles--golgi--plasma membrane |
| Which of the following cell components is not involved in secretion or synthesis? | Lysosome |
| Nucleus: | Houses DNA |
| Nuclear Envelope: | Encloses nucleus and seperates it from cytoplasm |
| Chromatin: | Complex of proteins and DNA |
| What is synthesized in the Nucleolus: | rRNA |
| Ribosomes: | Protein factories |
| Endomembrane system: | regulates protein trafficking and performs metabolic processes in cell. |
| The ER membrane is continuous with | the nuclear envelope |
| What are the functions of the Smooth ER: | Synthesized lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium, detoxifies poison |
| What are the functions of the rough ER? | Produces proteins for secretion, acts as a membrane factory, folds proteins, modifies proteins, makes membrane phospholipids |
| What are the functionsGolgi Apparatus? | A center for manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping |
| What are the functions of a golgi apparatus? | Modifies products of ER |
| What do the CIS and trans ends imply? | CIS--receiving, TRANS---Shipping |
| What are the functions of the GOLGI? | 1)Modifies products of ER, 2)Manufactures macromolecules |
| What are Lysosome functions? | digest macromolecules |
| How do they complete their functions? | Phagocytosis--engulfing materia by macrophages, carry out hydrolysis |
| What are the three types of vacuoles? | Food, contractile, central |
| What are food vacuoles? | formed via phagocytosis |
| How are contractile vacuoles formed? | pump excess water out of cells |
| Central vacuole: | Hold reserves of organic compounds and water |
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts--similarities? | Have free ribosomes and DNA |
| Mitochondria: | Generates ATP |
| Chloroplasts: | Plants and algea, photosynthesis |
| What are the two internal compartments of the mitochondria? | Intermembrane space--between inner and outer membrane and Mitochondrial matrix--enclosed by the inner membrane |
| What are the two components of a chloroplast? | Thylakoids and stroma. |
| What are thylakoids? | Flattened membranous sacs; a granum |
| What are stroma: | Fluid outside thylakoids which contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes |
| What are the functions of peroxisome? | Use oxygen to break down fatty acids for the mitochondria to use as fuel, and detoxify alcohol in liver |
| What makes up the cytoskeleton? | Microfillaments, intermidiate fillaments and microtubules |
| What does the cytoskeleton do? | Give mechanical support for cell to maintain shape, and involved in movement |
| Microtubules: | Seperate chromosome copies in dividing cells. |
| Centrosome: | Region where microtubes grow out |
| Centrioles: | Located in centrosome and found in pairs, and help organize microtuble assembly |
| Flagella and Cilia: | Locomotive appendages |
| Cilia: | Usually occur in large numbers on the cell suface |
| Flagella: | Longer than cilia |
| How do cilia and flagella differ? | beating patterns |
| What kind of pattern does the cilia and flagella have? | 9+2 pattern |
| What is responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella? | Dynein proteins |
| Microfilaments: | Twisted double chain of actin subunits |
| Functions: | Pulling forces, motility, transporting materials across membrane in intestinal cells |
| What are the functions of the intermediate filaments? | Support cell shape and fix organelles in place |
| What are the components of the extracellular matrix? | Glycoproteins--secreted by cells, most abundant in collagen, proteoglycans--embedded in a network of proteins |
| What are the ECM funtions? | Support, adhesion, movement, regulation--send messages from proteins on outside to inside |
| Intercellular junctions: | plasma membrane that allow for cells to bind to each other to communicate |
| Plasmodesmata: | Channels that perforate plant cell walls |
| What are the three types of intercellular junctions? | Tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions. |
| Tight junctions: | membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed |
| Desmosomes: | Desmosomes--fasten cells together in strong sheets |
| Gap Junctions: | Provides channels from cell to cell |
Created by:
talkglitter2486