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NCTC Med Surg Edocri
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| * Functions of the Endocrine System: | Secretes hormones directly into blood Regulates: * Metabolism * Growth * F&E balance * Reproduction Circadian rhythm |
| * What are hormones? | From Greek, “I arouse activity” |
| Pituitary | deep within the brain |
| pineal gland | deep in the brain |
| thyroid gland | anterior neck |
| parathyroid | posterior of the thyroid |
| thymus gland | upper chest above the heart |
| adrenal glands | just above the kidneys bilaterally |
| islets of Langerhans (pancreas) | mid epigastric abdomen |
| ovary | pelvis |
| Testies | scrotum |
| master gland | the pituitary gland |
| functions of the pituitary gland- | secrete hormones that regulate body processes: growth, reproduction, and other metabolic activities. It also regulates other glands. |
| Anterior pituitary hormones | GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, MSH. |
| posterior pituitary hormones | ADH and oxytocin |
| things to look for in a physical exam-endocrine issues | vital signs, height and weight, body proportion, edema, moisture, abnormal sexual characteristics, atrophy, visual changes, slow reflexes. |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
| Causes of goiters | thyroiditis, benign nodules, malignancy, iodine deficiency, or anything that causes malfunction of the thyroid. |
| how are endocrine problems, diagnosed? | Health history, physical exam/inspection, radio logical exam, lab studies-radio immunoassay, depression and or stimulation tests based on feedback loop mechanisms. |
| The patient asks, do I have cancer? How do you respond? | Provide emotional support, be honest, state what you know. |
| What is the relationship between iodine and the thyroid? | iodine inhibits the production of thyroid hormones. |
| potassium iodide( SSKI) | prevents thyroid damage to to radiation |
| when may a patient with thyroid disease require administration of iodine | hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis-also known as thyroid storm or crisis (produces dangerous tachycardia and hyperthermia) |
| which gender is more prone to goiters? | female |
| how can goiters be prevented? | Diagnose and treat thyroid disorders early |
| which signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism can be life-threatening? | Tachycardia, a fib hyperthermia, hypertension, shortness of breath |
| what is the treatment for goiters | monitor, if mild and warmer levels normal. Initially and or preop diet and/or drug therapy. tapazole, iodides, radioactive iodine surgery-subtotal thyroidectomy. Radiation |
| what postop thyroidectomy nursing interventions are most important? | Emergency trach Trey at bedside have suction available. Monitor for bleeding monitor for respiratory distress. Head of bed elevated |
| graves disease | another name for hyperthyroidism |
| what three or months are secreted by the thyroid gland? | Thyroid hormone-T. 4 triiodothyronine-T3 calcitonin-thyrocalcitonin |
| function of T4-thyroid hormone | regulates (increases) body's metabolic rate |
| function of triiodothyronine -T-3 | regulates (increases), body's metabolic rate, |
| calcitonin-Thyrocalcitonin | regulates serum calcium levels. Secreted when serum calcium levels are high, inhibits the shift of calcium from bones |
| what is hyperthyroidism? | Abnormal increase synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. |
| Most common type of hyperthyroidism | Graves' disease-toxic diffuse goiter, autoimmune disorder, most common in young women. Walter nodular quarter-toxic nodular goiter, most common in women 60 to 70 years old |
| signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism | under weight despite increased appetite. Goiter. Abnormal menstruation. irritability Hypotension, insomnia, hair loss, fatigue, poor heat tolerance, excessive sweating, tremors, diarrhea, goiter. |
| what is exophthalmos? | bulging eyes, associated with Graves' disease. |
| Signs and symptoms of exophthalmos | and fluid accumulate behind the eye causing cheering, light sensitivity, decreased visual acuity, swelling of eye orbit eyelid may not cover the eye. |
| Nursing interventions for exophthalmos | keep moist-lubricated pads or artificial tear elevate head of bed, tape eyelids shut, limit salt, reassurance: treatment improves appearance, |
| medications for exopthalmos | eyedrops, diuretics, and steroids to reduce swelling and inflammation. |
| what diagnostic tests are used to confirm hyperthyroidism? | serum T3 elevation-most common finding with Graves' disease. T4-may be elevated with Graves' disease TSH-may be very low, undetectable. Thyroid stimulating antibody thyroid scan with radioactive iodine. fine needle aspiration biopsy, thyroid ultrasound |
| actions and side effects of SSKI | SSKI(sat sol of potassium iodide)-reduces signs and vascular the of thyroid, side effects: fever, rash, oral sores, metallic taste |
| actions and side effects of PTU | propylithiouracil-interferes with synthesis of thyroid hormones-side effects: rash, thrombocytopenia, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea |
| actions and side effects of Inderal | Propanolol-antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic-side effects: drowsiness, insomnia, weakness, bradycardia |
| actions and side effects of radioactive iodine, PO | accumulates in thyroid destroys tissue. Side effects: dry mouth, thyroiditis, parotiditis |
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