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Bio Psyc: Chap 5
Hormones and the Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hormone | a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues. |
| endocrine gland | a gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets. |
| exocrine gland | a gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts. |
| castration | removal of the gonads, usually the testes. |
| homeostatsis | the tendency for the internal environment to remain constant. |
| neurocrine | referring to secretory functions of neuronsm especially pertaining to synaptic transmission. |
| autocrine | referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell. |
| parcrine | referring to celluar communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracelluar space. |
| endocrine | referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. these glands secrete the principal hormones. |
| pheromone | a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species. |
| allomone | a chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species. |
| neurosecretory cell or neuroendocrine cell | a neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation. |
| neuropeptide | a peptide that is used by neurons for signaling. |
| neuromodulator | a substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters. |
| protein or peptide hormones | a class of hormones, molecules of which consist of a string of amino acids. |
| amine hormones | a class of hormones, each composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine. |
| steroid hormones | a class of hormonesm each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. |
| transcripton factor | a substance which binds to recognition sites on DNA and alters the rate of expression of particular regions. |
| receptor isoform | a verison of a receptor protein (in this context, a hormone receptor) with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties. Conceptually similar to receptor subtypes. |
| steroid receptor cofactors | proteins that affect the cell's response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor. |
| steroid receptor cofactor-1 (SCR-1) | a transcription co-factor that, when present along with molecules of steroid hormone, helps determine the response of the cell to the hormone. |
| CREB-binding protein (CBP) | a transcriptional cofactor that works with CREB (camp-responsive element binding protein) to regulate gene expression. |
| nongenomic effect | an effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression. |
| allosteric modulation | alteration of the actions of a protein--such as a receptor by binding to an alternative location on the protein, distinct from the primary recognition site. |
| neurosteroids | steroids produced in the brain. |
| negative feedback | the proerty by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce teh effect of input signals. |
| tropic hormones | a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. |
| releasing hormones | a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalmus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary's release of tropic hormones. |
| pituitary gland or hypophysis | a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull. |
| anterior pituitary or adeohypophysis | the front lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes tropic hormones. |
| posterior pituitary or neurohpophysis | the rear division of the pituitary gland. |
| pituitary stalk or infundibulum | a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalmus. |
| oxytoxin | a hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female. |
| arginine vasopressin (AVP) or vasopressin | a peptide hormone from the posterior pirtuitary that promotes water conservation. |
| milk letdown reflex | the reflecive relase of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling. |
| median eminence | midline feature on the base of teh brain marking the pont at which the indundbulum exits from the hypothalmus to connect to the pituitary. contains elements of the hypophyseal portal system. |
| hypophyseal portal system | a duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of teh hypothalmus and the secretory tissues of the anterior pituitary. |
| adreocoritcotropic hormone (ACTH) | a topic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex. |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | a tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland, that signals the thyroid gland to secrete its hormone. |
| gonadotropin | an anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | a gonadotropin, named for ists actions on ovarian follices. |
| follicles | ovarian structures containing immature ova. |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | a gonadotopin, named for is stimulating effects on the ovarian corpora lutea. |
| corpora lutea | the structures formed from collapsed ovarian follices subsequent to ovulation. the corpora lutea are a major source of progesterone. |
| prolactin | a protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals. |
| growth hormone (GH) | also called somatotropin or somatotropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues. |
| adrenal gland | an endocrine gland atop the kidney |
| adrenal cortex | the outer rind of the adrenal gland. |
| adrenal medulla | the inner core of the adrenal gland |
| epinephrine (NE) or adrenaline | a synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei and the adrenal medulla. |
| adrenocorticoids | glucocorticoids a class of steroids hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. |
| cortisol | a glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex. |
| mineralocorticoids | a class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. |
| aldosterone | a mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions. |
| sex steroids | steroids hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. |
| androstenedione | the chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex. |
| thyroid gland | an endocrine gland located in the throat that regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body. |
| thyroxine | a hormone released by the thyroid gland. |
| triidothyronine | a thyroid hormone |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | a hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormones from the anterior pituitary. |
| goiter | a swelling of the thyroid gland resulting form iodine deficiency. |
| cretinism | also called congential hypothyroidism. Reduced stature and mental retardation caused by thyroid deficiency during early development. |
| gonads | the sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males),which produce gametes for reproduction. |
| testes | the male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones. |
| testosterone | a hormone, produce by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. |
| androgens | a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones. |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) | a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follice-stimulating hormone from the pituitary. |
| ovaries | the female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction. |
| progestins | a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone. |
| estrogens | a class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads. |
| 17 beta-estradiol or estradiol | the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary. |
| progesterone | the primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary. |
| oral contraceptive | a birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. |
| gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone | a hypothalamic peptide hormone that acts to reduce gonadotropin secretion by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone. |
| kisspeptin | a hypothalamic peptide hormone that acts to increase gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. |
| pineal gland | a secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release. |
| melatonin | an amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland. |
| pancreas | an endocrine gland, located near the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that secretes insulin and glucagon. |
| islets of langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas that release two hormones (insulin and glucagon) with opposite effects on glucose utilization. |
| insulin | a hormone, released by beta cells in the islets of Landerhans, that lowers blood gluclose. |
| glucagon | a hormone, released by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, that increases blood glucose. |
| Cushing's syndrome | a condition in which levels of adrenal glycocorticoids are abnormally high. |
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Doublefault84