Question 1

histology

Accepted Answer

the study of tissue structure

Question 2

gross neuroanatomy

Accepted Answer

anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

Question 3

neurophysiology

Accepted Answer

teh study of the life processes of neurons

Question 4

chemical neuroanatomy

Accepted Answer

the distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system

Question 5

neuropharmacology

Accepted Answer

also called psychopharmacolgy. The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

Question 6

neuron doctrine

Accepted Answer

the hypothesis that the brain is composed of seperate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and fuctionally

Question 7

synapse

Accepted Answer

a celluar location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another

Question 8

glial cells

Accepted Answer

also called glia, or neuroglia.  nonneural brain cells that provide stuctural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

Question 9

mitochondrion

Accepted Answer

a celluar organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes

Question 10

cell nucleus

Accepted Answer

the spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes

Question 11

ribosomes

Accepted Answer

structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated. (proteins are produced)

Question 12

dendrite

Accepted Answer

one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron

Question 13

input zone

Accepted Answer

the part of the neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures.  Usually correspondsto the cell's dendrites

Question 14

cell body or soma

Accepted Answer

teh region of the neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus

Question 15

integration zone

Accepted Answer

the part of the neuron that intitates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and exciatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value.  Usually corresponds to the neuron's axon hillock

Question 16

axon

Accepted Answer

a single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

Question 17

conduction zone

Accepted Answer

the part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated.  Usually corresponds to the cell's axon

Question 18

axon terminal

Accepted Answer

the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target.

Question 19

output zone

Accepted Answer

the part of the neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell's electrical activity is conveyed to another cell.

Question 20

multipolar neuron

Accepted Answer

a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

Question 21

bipolar neuron

Accepted Answer

a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end.

Question 22

monopolar neuron

Accepted Answer

a nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends i two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone.

Question 23

motoneuron

Accepted Answer

also called motor neuron.  A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles

Question 24

sensory neuron

Accepted Answer

a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.

Question 25

interneuron

Accepted Answer

a neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to others neurons

Question 26

astrocyte

Accepted Answer

a star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extentions) that run in all directions.

Question 27

microglial cells

Accepted Answer

also called microglia. Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

Question 28

myelin

Accepted Answer

the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses.

Question 29

myelination

Accepted Answer

the process of myelin formation

Question 30

node of Ranvier

Accepted Answer

a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

Question 31

multiple sclerosis

Accepted Answer

literally "many scars" a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.

Question 32

oligodendrocyte

Accepted Answer

a type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies

Question 33

Schwann cell

Accepted Answer

the accessory cell that forms myelin in the perpheral nervous system.

Question 34

edema

Accepted Answer

teh swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.

Question 35

arborization

Accepted Answer

the elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons

Question 36

presynaptic

Accepted Answer

referring to the region of teh synapse that releases neurotransmitters.

Question 37

postsynaptic

Accepted Answer

referring to the region of the synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter.

Question 38

presynaptic membrane

Accepted Answer

the specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron.

Question 39

synaptic cleft

Accepted Answer

the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements

Question 40

synaptic vesicle

Accepted Answer

a small, spherical structure that contains the molecules of synaptic transmitter.

Question 41

neurotransmitter

Accepted Answer

also called synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, or simply transmitter. The chemical released formt he presynaptic azon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons.

Question 42

receptor

Accepted Answer

also called receptor molecule. A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone.

Question 43

dendritic spine

Accepted Answer

an outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron.

Question 44

neural plasticity

Accepted Answer

also called neuroplasticity. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.

Question 45

axon hillock

Accepted Answer

a cone-shaped area from which the axon orginates out of the cell body.

Question 46

axon collateral

Accepted Answer

a branch of an axon form a single neuron.

Question 47

innervate

Accepted Answer

to provide neural input.

Question 48

axonal transport

Accepted Answer

the transportation of materials form the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.

Question 49

peripheral nervous system

Accepted Answer

the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 50

central nervous system

Accepted Answer

the portion of the nervous system that includes teh brain and the spinal cord.

Question 51

nerve

Accepted Answer

a collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system.

Question 52

cranial nerve

Accepted Answer

a nerve that is connected directly to the brain.

Question 53

spinal nerve

Accepted Answer

also called somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges form the spinal cord.

Question 54

autonomic nervous system

Accepted Answer

the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs.

Question 55

dorsal roots

Accepted Answer

the branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord.

Question 56

ventral root

Accepted Answer

the branch of a spinal nerve, arising form the ventral horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages form the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system.

Question 57

cervical

Accepted Answer

referring to the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region.

Question 58

thoracic

Accepted Answer

referring to the 12 spinal segments below the cervical (neck) portion of the spinal cord, corressponding to the chest.

Question 59

lumbar

Accepted Answer

referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back.

Question 60

sacral

Accepted Answer

referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back

Question 61

coccygeal

Accepted Answer

referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (also known as the tailbone).

Question 62

autonomic ganglia

Accepted Answer

collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs.

Question 63

preganglionic

Accepted Answer

"before the ganglion" referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.

Question 64

postganglionic

Accepted Answer

"after the ganglion" referring to the neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run form the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body.

Question	Answer
histology	the study of tissue structure
gross neuroanatomy	anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
neurophysiology	teh study of the life processes of neurons
chemical neuroanatomy	the distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system
neuropharmacology	also called psychopharmacolgy. The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior
neuron doctrine	the hypothesis that the brain is composed of seperate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and fuctionally
synapse	a celluar location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another
glial cells	also called glia, or neuroglia. nonneural brain cells that provide stuctural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
mitochondrion	a celluar organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes
cell nucleus	the spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes
ribosomes	structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated. (proteins are produced)
dendrite	one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
input zone	the part of the neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually correspondsto the cell's dendrites
cell body or soma	teh region of the neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
integration zone	the part of the neuron that intitates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and exciatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value. Usually corresponds to the neuron's axon hillock
axon	a single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.
conduction zone	the part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to the cell's axon
axon terminal	the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target.
output zone	the part of the neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell's electrical activity is conveyed to another cell.
multipolar neuron	a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon
bipolar neuron	a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end.
monopolar neuron	a nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends i two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone.
motoneuron	also called motor neuron. A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles
sensory neuron	a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.
interneuron	a neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to others neurons
astrocyte	a star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extentions) that run in all directions.
microglial cells	also called microglia. Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells
myelin	the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses.
myelination	the process of myelin formation
node of Ranvier	a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.
multiple sclerosis	literally "many scars" a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.
oligodendrocyte	a type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies
Schwann cell	the accessory cell that forms myelin in the perpheral nervous system.
edema	teh swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.
arborization	the elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
presynaptic	referring to the region of teh synapse that releases neurotransmitters.
postsynaptic	referring to the region of the synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter.
presynaptic membrane	the specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron.
synaptic cleft	the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements
synaptic vesicle	a small, spherical structure that contains the molecules of synaptic transmitter.
neurotransmitter	also called synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, or simply transmitter. The chemical released formt he presynaptic azon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons.
receptor	also called receptor molecule. A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone.
dendritic spine	an outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron.
neural plasticity	also called neuroplasticity. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.
axon hillock	a cone-shaped area from which the axon orginates out of the cell body.
axon collateral	a branch of an axon form a single neuron.
innervate	to provide neural input.
axonal transport	the transportation of materials form the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.
peripheral nervous system	the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system	the portion of the nervous system that includes teh brain and the spinal cord.
nerve	a collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system.
cranial nerve	a nerve that is connected directly to the brain.
spinal nerve	also called somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges form the spinal cord.
autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs.
dorsal roots	the branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord.
ventral root	the branch of a spinal nerve, arising form the ventral horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages form the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system.
cervical	referring to the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region.
thoracic	referring to the 12 spinal segments below the cervical (neck) portion of the spinal cord, corressponding to the chest.
lumbar	referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back.
sacral	referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back
coccygeal	referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (also known as the tailbone).
autonomic ganglia	collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs.
preganglionic	"before the ganglion" referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.
postganglionic	"after the ganglion" referring to the neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run form the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body.
sympathetic nervous system	one of two systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
sympathetic chain	a chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system	one of two systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises form both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord.
enteric nervous system	an extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut.
cerebral hemispheres	the right and left halves of the forebrain.
frontal lobe	most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
parietal lobes	large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerbral hemisphere.
temporal lobes	large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continous with the parietal lobes posteriorly, and seperated from the frontal lobe by teh sylvian fissure.
occipital lobes	large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere.
sylvian fissure	a deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe.
central sulcus	a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
cerebral cortex	teh outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
postcentral gyrus	teh strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body.
precentral gyrus	the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control.
corpus callosum	the main band of axons that connect the two central hemispheres.
white matter	a shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths.
gray matter	areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin.
neural tube	an embryonic structure with subdivisions that corresponds to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
forebrain	also called prosencephalon. The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerbral hemisphers, teh thalamus, and the hypothalmus.
midbrain	also called mesencephalon. The middle division of the brain.
hindbrain	also called rhombencephalon. The rear division of teh brain, which, in teh mature vertebrate, contains teh cerbellum, pons, and medulla.
telencephalon	the frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed.
diencephalon	the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalmus and hypothalmus.
metencehphalon	a subdivision of teh hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons.
cerebellum	a structure located at the back of teh brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement.
pons	a portion of the metencephalon.
myelencephalon or medulla	the caudal part of the hindbrain.
brainstem	the region of the brain that consists of the midbrainm, the pons, and the medulla
nucleus	here, an anatomical collection of neurons within teh central nervous system (e.g. the caudate nucleus).
tract	a bundle of axons found within the central nervous system.
basal ganglia	a group of forebrain nuclei (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen) found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
caudate nucleus	one of teh basa ganglia; it has a long extension or tail.
putamen	one of the basal ganglia.
globus pallidus	one of the basal ganglia.
substantia nigra	a brainstem structure in humans that is related to the basal ganglia and named for its dark pigmintation.
limbic system	a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network.
amygdala	a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe.
hippocampus	a medial temporal lobe structure that is thought to be important for learning and memory
fornix	a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to teh mammillary body.
cingulate gyrus	a cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline.
olfactory bulb	an anterior basal structure that receives olfactory (smell) imputs from the nasal cavaties.
mammillary body	one of a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain.
thalmus	the brain regions that surround the third ventricle.
hypothalmus	part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalmus.
superior colliculi	paired structures on the dorsal surface of teh midbrain, rostral to the inferior colliculi, that receive visual information.
inferior colliculi	paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, caudal to the superior colliculi, that receive auditory informaiton.
tectum	the dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior collculi.
red nucleus	a brainstem structure related to motor control.
resticular formation	an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from teh medulla through the thalmus) that is involved in arousal.
purkinje cell	a type of large nerve cell in the cerebeller cortex.
granule cell	a type of small nerve cell.
parallel fiber	one of the axons of the granule cells that form teh outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex.
isocortex (or cortex)	cerebral cortex that is made up six distinct layers. (formerly referred to as neocortex)
allocortex	brain tissue with three layers or unlayerd organization.
pyramidal cell	a type of large nerve cell that has roughly pyramid shaped cell body; found in the cerebral cortex.
apical dendrite	the dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surface of the cortex.
basal dendrite	one of several dendrites on a pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from the cell body.
coritcal column	one of the veritcal columns that constiute the basic organization of ths isocortex.
meninges	the three protective sheets of tissue--dura mater, pia mater, and arachoid--that surround the brain and spinal cord.
dura mater	the outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and the spinal cord.
pia mater	the innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
archnoid	the thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater.
cerbrospinal fluid (CSF)	the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles.
meningitis	an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
ventricular system	a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
lateral ventricle	a complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.
choroid plexus	a highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrosphinal fluid.
third ventricle	teh midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventrciles to the fouth ventricle.
fourth ventricle	the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid form the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.
carotid arteries	the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain.
anterior cerebral arteries	two large arteries, arising form the internal carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
middle cerebral arteries	two large arteries, arising form the internal carotids, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
vertebral arteries	arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form basilar artery
basilar artery	an artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to posterior portions of teh cerebral hemispheres.
posterior cerebral arteries	two large arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem.
circle of Willis	a structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries.
stroke	damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region.
blood-brain barrier	the mechanisms that make the movement of substances from capillaries into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs.
angiogram	a specialized X-ray image of the head, taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of catheter.
computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)	a noninvasive technique for examining brain structure in humans through computer analysis of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain.
positron emission tomography (PET)	a technique for examining brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain.
functional MRI (fMRI)	magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.
optical imaging	a method for visualizing brain activity in which near-infrared light is passed through the scalp and skull.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)	localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the application of strong magnetic fields.
magnetoencephalography (MEG)	a passive and noninvasive functional brain imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.

Bio Psyc: Chap 2

Neuroanatomy

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