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Natural Disasters 27
GEOL 118 UIUC fall 2005
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Volcanism & CO2 | Add CO2 and ash |
| Chemical weathering & CO2 | Remove CO2 and add it to ocean |
| Burning fossil fuels & CO2 | burning of any carbon-based fue add CO2 |
| Photosynthesis & CO2 | using light energy plants convert CO2 gas into food (chemical) energy |
| End of Mesozoic/beginning of Cenozoic | Warm interval because of volcanism |
| Cenozoic ______ | Earth cooled due to plate tectonics/weathering/plants |
| Atmosphere composition & climate | volcanism=cooling |
| Sun intensity & climate | sunspots and surface reflectivity |
| Variations in Earth's orbit + spin/rotation & climate | (eccentricity + tilt + precession)= mild summers less ice melting |
| Distribution of land + water masses (plate tectonics control) & climate | If continents are located over polar latitudes, can develop continental glaciers due to colder temperatures |
| Ocean circulation & climate | If warm, equatorial waters are prevented from circulating to polar latitudes, those areas will get much colder |
| Mountains & climate | high altitude = colder temperature + > chance of mountain glaciers |
| estuaries | semi-enclosed bodies of mixed fresh + salt water that attract many organisms |
| Waves - origin + properties | mechanical energy moving through water, Wave size = f (wind velocity, duration of wind activity, distance over which wind blows). |
| crest | top of wave |
| trough | lowest point; |
| wave length | horizontal distance from crest to crest |
| wave height | vertical distance from crest to trough |
| wave period | amount of time for one complete wavelength to pass given point. |
| Waves with long L + large P | are most powerful + erosive. |
| Wave refraction | bending of wave fronts as one part of wave reaches shallow water (velocity <) before another part. |
| Berm | flat zone |
| beach face | more steeply sloping area below berm; |
| Offshore bar | underwater ridge of wave-deposited sediment (where waves break). |
| Spit | finger-like ridge of sediment that extends into deeper water; due to longshore currents, |
| Barrier islands | elongate, low relief, very long (up to 100 km) islands of sand parallel to coast; |
| Sea cliffs | wave erosion can undermine cliff, causing landslides. |
| Global rise in sea level & erosion | sea level rose through last century by 2 - 3 mm per year due to global warming. |
| Dams & erosion | Dam construction traps sediment before it reaches coastline. Many of America's rivers have been dammed, therefore > sediment |
| Seawalls | protect land behind wall from wave energy, but commonly fail because wave energy comes around sides + is reflected downwards |
| Groins | wall of concrete, rock, wood, or sandbags built perpendicular to beach to trap moving sand + widen beach. |
| Jetties | pair of long groins that protect harbor channel from sedimentation. Because of size, jetties completely cut off longshore sediment transport, problem of upcurrent deposition |
| Breakwater | offshore wall parallel to coast, to absorb wave energy + provide quiet water for harbors. Problem = quiet water means deposition occurs + endless cycle of dredging or sediment bypass begins |
| Velocity | water speed |
| Where is max velocity? | Maximum velocity is in river center, just below surface |
| Discharge | volume of water passing point over period of time |
| longitudinal profile | river elevation vs. distance along flow direction |
| Heavy rain & floods | water runs quickly over land into river rather than infiltrating into ground, where it moves slowly. |
| Rapid snow melt & floods | heavy snow + then quick warming causes large input of water directly into rivers because ground is still frozen + resists infiltration |
| Coastal storm surge & floods | ffects coastal areas, winds blowing onshore plus tremendous rainfall amounts |
| Upstream (flash) flood | typical of flood in mountain rivers; brief but severe flood usually due to sudden intense rainstorm (also from dam failure), floodwaters rise + then fall rapidly. Affects small areas + can be devastating. |
| Downstream flood | large meandering river spreads over floodplain; due to prolonged rainfall (+ snow melt) over large area; water levels rise more slowly but it takes longer for them to fall. |
| Channelization | involves changing channel characteristics (straightening, deepening, widening, clearing debris of channel, or lining channel, e.g., with concrete) |
| Floodway | transports floodwaters away from populated areas. |
| Dam/Reservoir | blocks flow of river + creates reservoir, which can be filled during heavy rainfall |
| Artificial levees | Human-made walls of sand + mud built along sides of channel to > height of riverbank |
| Floodwalls | concrete river channel walls |
| stony meteorites | resemble igneous rocks of Earth's mantle |
| carbonaceous chondrites | type of stony meteorite with round blebs of rock, |
| ron (metallic) meteorites | resemble Earth's core, |
| meteoroid | piece of rock or metal floating in space (on collision course with Earth). |
| meteor | (shooting star) = very small (commonly ~1 mm, but ~always <1 m) pieces of rock or metal that vaporize (due to frictional heating) upon entering Earth's atmosphere. |
| asteroid | usually, but not always large (dust-size - ~1,000 km) piece of rock or metal that is usually in orbit around Sun |
| Asteroid belt | Gravitational attraction of nearby Jupiter disrupts asteroids from regular orbit, causing them to crash into each other. |
| Comets | bright objects consisting of dust + frozen gases (mostly loose snow, i.e., frozen H2O but also NH3, CH4, CO2, + CO), similar in composition to outer planets, |
Created by:
melissaunicorn