| Question |
Answer |
| Block grants |
broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money is spent. |
| Categorical Grants |
Grants that can be used for a spedic purpose or categories of state and local spending. |
| Cooperative or Marble Cake Federalism |
where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared. |
| Declaration of Independence |
the document used by the signers to announce and justify the Revolutionary War and which was specifically designed to enlist the aid of foreign nations in the revolt. |
| Dual or Layer Cake Federalism |
where states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres of power, much like a layer cake. |
| Elastic clause |
the statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties. |
| Enumerated powers |
powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. |
| Enumerated, Delegated, Implied and Concurrent Powers |
|
| Extradition |
the Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment. |
| Federalism |
a system of shared power between two or more levels of government. |
| Fiscal federalism |
the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. |
| Formula grants |
a type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not apply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula. |
| Full faith and credit |
Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden |
the 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity. |
| Implied powers |
powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers which ensure that it can carry out its duties. |
| Intergovernmental relations |
the term used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments |
| McCulloch v. Maryland |
the 1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included implied powers of Congress. |
| Privileges and immunities |
the Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states. |
| Project grant |
categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications. |
| Supremecy Clause |
reference to 10th Amendment national v. state supremecy |
| Tenth Amendment |
specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people. |
| Unitary government |
a system where all power resides in the central government. |
Biology Lab Midterm
