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Pathophysio Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis symptoms | Blocks extremity- leg cool & pale Edema when sitting, layers of artery walls separated & filled with fluid- leg warm when sitting, Skin shinier & without hair pain |
| Atherosclerosis caused by | High caloric diet: Chylomicrons taken, leave behind intermediate-density lipoproteins Float around in blood until liver can take them & turn them into HDL Extras IDL taken by macrophages, get oxidized & hurt wall → clot |
| Atherosclerosis biggest problem | Small emboli, thrombosis → myocardial infarction |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | occurs if immobilized for a long time |
| Anatomy of Heart | Right side- deoxygenated Left side- oxygenated |
| Systole | AV valves close, 1st heart sound, ventricular contraction Semilunar valves open |
| Diastole | Semilunar valves close, 2nd heart sound Ventricles relax |
| Layers of heart | Visceral pericardium Myocardium: middle muscle layer Endocardium |
| effects of diuretics | Elevate urination→ dehydrated Can cause hypoalkemia |
| Skeletal/ Cardiac muscle differences | Cardiac does not need stimulus Cardiac is all or none |
| Blood Pressure = | cardiac output x peripheral resistance |
| Cardiac Output | amount of blood pushed by heard in one minute |
| Peripheral Resistance | depends on viscosity, diameter of vessels |
| Vasoconstricting Factors | • Bradykinin • Angiotensin II • Heparin (blood thinner) |
| Vasodialating Factors | ACE inhibitor |
| Beta Blockers | Reduce norepinepherine & epinephrine → slow heart rate Vasodilator |
| Stages of Cardiac Contractility | o Resting membrane potential o Threshold potential o Action Potential o Plateau |
| De/ Repolarization | De- more positive charge, Na+ diffuses in Re- more negative charge, K+ diffuses out |
| Cardiac Tamponade | Rapid accumulation of pus (exudate) compress the heart |
| Vagus Nerve | Parasympathetic for heart, lowers heart rate When hyperstimulated can have AV blocks |
| Normal Rate for Heart | 60-100 beats/ min |
| SA Node | pacemaker in right atrium |
| AV Node | between ventricles & atria coordinates heart rate |
| Purkingi Fibers | in ventricular walls, stimulate to contract |
| Bundle Branch | sends info from AV node to apex |
| Stab Wound in Lungs | Air enters → restrict lung expansion → partial/ complete collapse of lung Tension: air enters pleural cavity on inhalation but cannot leave on exhalation Open: air enters pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation |
| Bronchial Asthma | Obstructive airway disorder Inflammatory disease |
| Hypoxemia | less oxygen |
| Hypercapnia | more co2 |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Recessive disorder in chloride transport proteins High NaCl in sweat Thick fluids → obstruct airways, obstructs pancreatic & biliary ducts |
| Embolism | Blockage Decrease perfusion (blood vessel to capillary) → decrease diffusion |
| Isovolumetric Contraction | o No change in blood volume Contraction although small AV valves closed |
| Ventricular Ejection | Amount of blood out to vessels from ventricle from each heart beat |
| Preload | stretching ventricle, filling ventricle with blood |
| Postload | tension created in order to have heart contract |
| Factors to get blood back to heart (negative pressure) | oRelaxation of heart oInhale Air in Lungs oMuscles to milk blood to heart oValves in veins |
| Lung Compliance | Ability of lungs to stretch from a change in pressure |
| Lung compliance depends on | •Elastin & collagen fibers •Water content •Surface tension |
| Heart failure | oHeart can no longer pump enough blood to rest of body… •Ventricles too thick •Ventricles too stiff •Ventricles too weak |
Created by:
brit24