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BIO161-Brain
Nervous System - Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many hemispheres are in the brain? How many lobes in each hemisphere? | 2 hemispheres: right & left; each hemisphere has 5 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula (which lies deep between the temporalis & parietal lobes) |
| What are the deep grooves in the brain called? Where are they located? | deep grooves in the brain are fissures; the longitudinal fissure divides the left & right hemispheres; the transverse fissure is located between the hemispheres and the cerebellum |
| What is the cerebellum? | It means small brain and it is located posteroinferior to the hemispheres |
| What is a gyrus? | Gyrii are elevations of the cerebrum (i.e. the hills) |
| What is a sulcus? | Sulci are shallow depressions between the gyri (i.e. the valleys) |
| Who mapped the brain? | Broadman (1880's)- about 52 areas |
| What is the significance of the central sulcus? | anterior to this sulcus are the motor functions; posterior to this sulcus are the sensory functions |
| What are the functions of each of the lobes? | frontal: motor; parietal: sensory (general sensations, e.g. touch, pain, pressure, temperature); occipital: vision; temporal: hearing |
| Where is the central sulcus? | it separates the frontal and parietal lobes |
| Where is the precentral sulcus? What is it's function? What's another name for it? | located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; fxn: skilled voluntary movement (i.e. fine motor skills); aka: primary motor area or area 4 |
| Describe area 6 | it is the motor association area (aka: premotor cortex); located anterior to the precentral sulcus; fxn: memory bank of previously acquired fine motor skills |
| Where is the frontal eye field? | anterior to the motor association area |
| What is Broca's area? What is significant about this area? | it is the motor speech area - controls the speech muscles (tongue, orbicularis oris, etc); it's significant because it is only found in the dominant hemisphere |
| Which part of the brain is dominant in right-handed people? | the left hemisphere |
| What is the function of the prefrontal cortex? | it is responsible for judgement, inhibitions, depth of feeling, and personality |
| How does the primary visual cortex process information? | it receives axons from the temporal half of the ipsilateral retina and axons from the nasal half ot he contralateral retina |
| Where do the optic nerves cross? | at the optic chiasma |
| How does the olfactory cortex process information? | small receptors located in the nasal cavity send fibers that pass through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid to the brain |
| What is the inability to smell? | anosmia |
| How does the primary auditory cortex process information? | receptors are in the inner ear; perceive sound energy and send impulses in this region (pitch, rhythm, loudness) |
| What is a balance disorder called? | ataxia (to walk like a drunk) |
| What are the 2 language areas in the brain? | Broca's area and Wernicke's area |
| What are the 3 types of fibers in the cerebrum? | commissural fibers, association fibers, projection fibers |
| How is white matter arranged in the brain? | into tracts (fibers) |
| What do commissural fibers do? What are the 3 types? | connect corresponding areas of the hemispheres; corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure |
| What do association fibers do? | connect lobes within the same hemisphere |
| What do projection fibers do? | run vertically as ascending or descending fibers |
| What are 3 examples of ascending tracts? | spinothalamic tract, fasciculus cuneatus, fasciculas gracilis |
| What type of fibers are ascending tracts? descending tracts? | ascending fibers: afferent fibers (sensory); descending tracts: efferent (motor) |
| What is a tract? | bundle of nerves |
| What is an example of a descending tract? | corticospinal tract |
| What is it called where fibers cross at the medulla oblongata? | point of decussation or pyramids; effects are manifested contralaterally |
| Name the structures in the brainstem from superior to inferior. What structure immediately follows the brainstem? | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongta; the spinal cord follows the brainstem |
| Where is the midbrain located? | immediately inferior to the diencephalon structures |
| What 4 structures pass thru the midbrain? | corticospinotract, cerebral aqueduct, nuclei of CNIII and CNIV, corpora quadrigemina |
| What does the cerbral aqueduct do? | connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles for CSF circulation |
| What are the components of the corpora quadrigemina? What are their function? | inferior colliculi (2 of them): part of the auditory pathway, responsible for startle reflex to sound; superior colliculi (2 also): part of visual pathway |
| What does pons mean? | bridge |
| What structures pass through the pons? | fibers of the ascending and descending pathways, nuclei of fCNV, CNVI, CNVII and the pneumotaxic center |
| What is the pneumotaxic center? | part of the respiratory center; controls rhythm of breathing |
| Where does the medulla join with the spinal cord? | ath the foramen magnum |
| What structures are contained in the medulla? | 4th ventricle; decussation of the corticospinal track; nuclei of CNVIII-CNXII; fibers of the fasciculus cuneatus and facilis cuneatus tracts; cardiovascular center; part of respiratory center (rate & depth); reflex center for involuntary functions; RAS |
| What is the only cranial nerve that innervates structures outside the skull? | the vagus - CNX; it innervates autonomic systems such as the heart and intestines and other visceral structures |
| What is the purpose of the cardiovascular center? | controls the heart rate |
| What are the 2 parts of the respiratory center? | medulla and the pons; medulla controls rate & depth of respiration |
| What is the normal rate of respiration? | 12-20 |
| What functions does the reflex center for involuntary functions handle? | emesis, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, sneezing |
| What is the RAS? | reticular activating system;handles arousual (keep awke) |
| Where is the cerebellum located? | immediately dorsal to the pons and medulla; protrudes below the occipital lobe |
| What percentage of the brain mass does the cerebellum represent? | 11% |
| How is the cerebellum structured? | 2 hemispheres; 3 lobes each: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular |
| What is the pattern of white matter in the cerebellum called? | arborvitae (tree of life) |
| What is a disease of the cerebellum? | atoxia |
| Where is CSF synthesized? | by the ependymal cells in the Choroid plexuses of the lateral (left & right), 3rd, and 4th ventricles |
| Describe the flow of CSF: | lateral ventricles-> 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen-> 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct -> subarchnoid space via foramina of Lushka & Magendie -> the superior saggital sinus via arachnoid villus |
| What are other names for the interventricular foramen, the cerebral aqueduct, and the apertures in the 4th ventricle? | interventricular foramen: foramen of Monro; cerebral aqueduct: Aqueduct of Sylvius; apertures in 4th ventricle: foramen of Magendie (median aperture) and foramina of Lushka (lateral apertures) |
| Where is the fourth ventricle located? | directly posterior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum |
| What happens when CSF flow is obstructed? | infant - hydrocephalous, due to open fontanels, the skull enlarges; in persons older than 2, results in the collection of CSF proximal to the obstruction, increased intracranial pressure, resulting in headaches |
| What structures compose the diencephalon? | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| Where is the diencephalon located? | directly below the corpus callosum |
| What are the landmarks for the hypothalamus? | region is located just below the thalamus; extends from the optic chiasma to the posterior border of mammillary bodies |
| What is the function of the mammillary bodies? | olfactory (smell) |
| What structures are indicated by the term visceral? | organs in the thorax and abdominopelvic cavities |
| What are the 8 visceral activities controlled by the hypothalamus? | autonomic nerve center, emotions, biological rhythms, temperature regulation, satiety & hunger, water balance, sleep/wake cycle, endocrine system control |
| What 2 structures are involved in emotions? | Amidala & hypothalamus |
| What are examples of biological rhythms? | sleep/wake cycle & menstrual cycle |
| What is a fever? | temperature >= 100.4 |
| What hormone is responsible for regulating the thirst center? | the hypothalamus secretes ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) to control water balance |
| What structures compose the epithalamus? | the pineal body and the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles |
| What is synthesized by the epithalamus? | CSF by the choroid plexus; melatonin by the pineal body |
| What is the basal ganglia? What is another name for it? | basal ganglia aka basal nuclei; they are islands of gray nuclei within the cerebral white matter |
| What are the components of the basal ganglia? | caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus |
| What is the lentiform nucleus? | the putamen & globus pallidus |
| Where do the basal nuclei connect? | to the substantia nigra |
| What is Parkinson's disease? | results from damage to the substantia nigra; symptoms: bradykinesia (slow movement), shuffling gait, cogwheel rigidity, mask face (expressionless), drooling |
| What is Huntington's disease? | disorder of the basal ganglia; uncontrolled hyperkinesia; onset - in 40's; no treatment; genetic disease |
Created by:
debmurph