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CV Pathology
CV Pathology: Leech Lectures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common congenital heart malformation | ventricular septal defect |
| What is the second most common congenital heart malformation | atrial septal defect |
| True or False: Congenital heart disease is caused solely by genetic influence | False: Strong correlations exist between siblings, but enviornmental factors still come into play |
| Why is thalidomide important | known teratogen, causes congenital heart problems |
| When is the critcal window in development | 3-8 weeks |
| Which type of shunt is more common L -> R or R -> L | L -> R |
| Which shunt would cause cyanosis and emboli from venous ciculation to enter systemic circulation | R -> L |
| What is the danger behind a L->R shunt becoming R->L | Signifigant pulmonary hypertension can develop and be IRREVERSIBEL |
| What are the number one cause of CHILDHOOD heart disease | shunts |
| What cardiac myopathy woudl cause digital clubbing and blood deficencies | Shunts |
| True or False: Obstructive myopathies usually cause cyanosis | FALSE |
| What are the three atrial septal defects in order of occurance | Secundum (Foreman ovale), Primum (Low in septum), Sinus Venosum (where SVC enters) |
| Which type of defect is usually silent until adulthood | Atrial Septal L-->R shunts |
| Ventricular septal defects are often associated with what other abonormality | tetralogy of Fallot |
| Where do 90% of ventricular septal defects occur | in the membranous material next to the aortic valve |
| True or False: 85-90% of PAD occurs as an isolated incident | true |
| What is a common presentation in a L-->R shunt that is finally picked up in adulthood | Right HEart failure or pulmonary hypertension |
| Which defect has a machine like sound to it | PDA |
| What are the requirements/components of Tetrolagy of Fallot | Ventircular septal defect. Overriding Aorta. Right ventricular Hypertrophy. Pulmonic Stenosis |
| What component of the Tetrology of Fallot determines severity | Pulmonary Stenosis |
| In Great Vessel transposition, what is the main determining factor of prognosis | How well the R. Ventricle can pump and whether there is sufficent PAD occuring |
| What myopathy occurs when the spiral ridges fail to decend | trunctus arteriosis |
| What always accompanies a trunctus arteriosus | Venticular septal defect |
| What malformation cuases one vessel to recieve blood from both ventricles | trunctus arteriosis |
| With which R-->L shunt disrder do you have r. ventricular hyoplasia and cyanosis from birth | Tricuspid Atresia |
| cardimegaly due to chronic pressure in the left ventricle can cause what | Coarctation of the aorta |
| Where do most coactations in the aorta take place | ust distal to the ductus or ligamentum arteriosus |
| When coarctation develops here, it is usually asymptomatic unless severe | postductal |
| Does collateral flow around a coarctation that is post ductal usually develop | yes |
| What can occur around a coarctation that can lead to or predispose someone to athlerosclerosis | Turbulent blood flow |
| In what condition would you see right ventricular hypoplasticity with an ASD and PDA | Pulmonic valve atresia |
| True or False: Neonates are capable of surviving a complete aortic valve atreia | FALSE |
| Which type of shunting takes place in a truncus arteriosus | R-->L |
| What must be present for a trunus arteriosus to occur | VSD |
| What must be presnet for survival in a transposition of Great Vessels | VSD or ASD with PSA (R-->L shunting) |
| Ishemic Heart disease makes up what % of cardiac deaths | 80% |
| Angina, syncope and CHF are all clinical signs of what | Degenerative Calcific Aortic Valve disease |
| At what age do people with degenerative calcific aortic valve disease have symptoms | 70-80 |
| What valve is prone to NOT get infective endocarditis when it becomes clacified | Mitral |
| Which valve, when calcifed, will present with regurgitation with secondary arthymias | Mitral |
| Prolase of the mitral valve may be secondary to abnormalities in which tissue type | Marfans |
| In what age range does mitral valve prolapse occur | 20-40 |
| A MIDSYSTOLIC CLICK, with dyspnea, fatigue, phsychiatic problems and chest pain may be caused by what | mitral valve prolapse |
| Elogated or ruptured chordae tendinea would be a finding in which disorder | mitral valve prolapse |
| How is endocarditis diagnosed | blood culture |
| Where do emboli from endocarditis move to | spleen, kidney, brain and heart |
| Vegetations present on one or more vlaves would clue you into | endocarditis |
| erosions or perforations are indicative of what type of endocarditis | acute |
| What organism is usually the cause of endocarditis | Staph |
| Non-bacterial thrombi are seen in patients suffering from what? | Cancer, any condtion leaving them bed-ridden with a hypercoaguable state |
| Do non-bacterial thrmobi produce inflammation or valve damage | Nope |
| mitral and tricuspid fibrinoid necrosis, mucoid degeneration, and small/fibrinous sterile vegetations on leaflets are seen in which disease | Endocarditis via SLE |
| Vegetations from SLE endocardidtis have a tendency to embolize, true or false | false |
| What are the two types of artificial valves | Mechanical and bioprothestic (animal) |
| What percentage of patients experience endocarditis due to vlave replacement | 5% |
| valve occulsion due to over growth and hemolysis are complications due to what | valve replacement |
| You suspect endocarditis, but upon examination you find fibrinoid necrosis and mucoid degeneration... what did this patient have | SLE |
| What is the recommmended HDL for males/females | > 35/45 |
| Who's more likely to develop athlerosclerosis, men or women | MEN |
| The pooling/damaging effect of blood on the low pressure of a valve is refered to as... | Venturi Effect |
| Onionskin appearance | arteriolosclerosis |
| Ischemia without infarct is definitive of which disease | angina pectoris (stable, unstable, prinzmetal) |
| What are 90% of transmural MI's caused by | 90% occulsion in the coronary arteries |
Created by:
lowryc