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Bones & Joints
General Info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| # of bones | 206 |
| What is the skeletal system | Made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints |
| How large is the skeletal system | 20% of body mass; 90% of skeletal system is bones |
| 2 main types of bones | compact - external surface of bones; spongy (cancellous) - internal part of bone |
| Classifications of bones & examples | long: long axis, length far greater than width (phalanges & limbs); short: length is roughly equal to width (carpals, tarsals); flat: bones of the cranium & scapular, clavicle, sternum; irregular: vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid, pelvis |
| What are the functions of the skeletal system | 1) support; 2) protection; 3) movement (locomotion); 4 - storage of minerals (calcium salts); 5) synthesis of blood cells (made in the marrow) (hematopoiesis) |
| Characteristics of a typical long bone | 1) has distal & proximal end; 2) long axis is the diaphysis; 3) 2 epiphysis (distal & proximal); 4) epiphysis is covered w/cartilage & forms articular surface |
| What is the epiphysial line | where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis; the remnant of the epiphysial growth plate (formed after bones stop growing (up to 23 yrs of age) |
| Bones of the cranium | 8 (all flat): frontal, temporal (2), occipital, parietal (2), ethmoid, sphenoid |
| Where is the glabella & what can be diagnosed from it | between the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone; can be used to diagnose Parkinson's disease (tapping it causes eyes to blink repeatedly) |
| What is a suture? | an immovable joint |
| Which bone forms 4 sutures? | parietal: coronal, lamboid, squamous, sagittal |
| What does atlas articulate with? | the occipital condyles (allows nodding movement) |
| The petrous belongs to what bone? | temporal |
| What is the nasal septum comprised of? | The ethmoid perpendicular plate (superior) & the vomer (inferior) |
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? | frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary |
| What are the functions of the sinuses? | 1) lighten the skull, 2) help to humidify the air we inhale; 3) provide resonance for speech |
| Describe the palate | roof of the mouth; hard palate (bony part): anterior 2/3 maxilla (palatine process); posterior 1/3 - palatine bone; soft palate: posterior part of the palate is muscle |
| What is an example of a gomphosis joint? | the joint between the teeth & the alveolar socket |
| What is the only moveable joint in the skull? | TMJ - tempormandibular joint between the mandibulam fossa of the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle (a combined hinge & gliding synovial joint) |
| What bone forms the bridge of the nose? | nasal |
| What is the significance of the hyoid? | is does not articulate with any other bone (only one); it is used for attachment of muscles used in speech & swallowing |
| When do the fontanels close and what is their purpose? | by 18 months; they allow the brain to grow |
| What are the different type of vertebrae and how many of each type? | cervical: 7; thoracic: 12; lumbar: 5; sacral: 5 (fused); coccyx: 3-5 (fused) |
| What are the 5 features of typical vertebrae? | 1) body located anteriorly; 2) vertebral foramen thru which the spinal cord passes; 3) laminae which fuse in the midline to form the spinous process; 4) bilateral pedicles; 5) transverse processes |
| What is the intravertebral foramen? | formed by successive pedicles; the spinal nerves (21 pairs) pass thru here |
| Describe the spinous process of a cervical vertebrae | it is bifid (2-pronged) |
| Which are the atypical cervical vertebrae? | atlas has no body or spinous process and has both transverse process & foramina; axis has body, superior to which is the Dens (odontoid process) ; C7 has an elongated spinous proess: cervical prominens |
| What joint do atlas & axis form? | the atlantoaxial joint (used in saying "no" by moving head from side to side) |
| Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae: | increase in size from T1-T12; body is heart -shaped; 2 demi-facets to treceive the head of the rib; facet to receive the tubercle of the rib; vertebral foramen is circular-shaped; spinous processes are long, sharp, and point downward |
| Do thoracic vertebrae allow movement? | only rotation |
| Describe the lumbar vertebrae: | body is large & kidney shaped; spinous process is short, blat, and points directly posteriorly |
| Do the lumbar vertebrae allow movement? | allow extension & flexion; most abused part of back |
| What is the main weight-bearing region of the back? | the lumbar vertebrae |
| Where does the spinal cord end? | At L1 vertebrae |
| Where does the vertebral canal end? | At the sacral hiatus |
| What is the bony thorax? | aka thoracic or rib cage; protects organs (heart, lungs, etc) |
| What is the thoracic cavity? | Anterior: sternum; bilaterally: ribs 1-12; posteriorly: T1-T12 vertebral bodies |
| How is the intervertebral foramen formed? | between the pedicles above & below; the vertebral body & discs anteriorly; the joint posteriorly |
| How many pairs of ribs altogether? How many by type? | 12 pairs total; 1-7 pairs true ribs attach directly to the sternum; ribs 8-10 false ribs attach indirectly to the sternum; pairs 11-12 do not attach to the sternum |
| What are the brachum and the antebrachum? | the arm (brachum = humerus) and forearm (antebrachum = radius and ulna) |
| How many bones in the hands? | 27 in each: 8 carpals; 5 metacarpals; 14 phalanges |
| How are the phalanges named? | Digits: first letters is P, M, or D (proximal, middle, or distal), 2nd letter always I (interphalangeal), 3rd letter always P (phalanx); Metacarpals: MCP Examples: PIP, MCP, DIP |
| What are the thumb & big toes called? | The pollex is the thumb; the hallux is the big toe |
| What part of the ox coxae do we sit on? | The ischial tuberosity (ischium) |
| What type of joint is the pubic symphysis? | a symphysis joint; similar to intervertebral disc; it;'s immovable except during parturition when it is slightly moveable |
| Which bone supports most of the weight of the body while standing? | talus |
| What are the 3 different types of joints? | fibrous: immovable; cartilaginous; synovial (diarthrosis) - freely moveable |
| What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | sutures - immovable; syndesmosis - interosseous membrane; gomphosis - periodontal membrane - between teeth & alveolar sockets of mandible & maxilla |
| What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? | synchondrosis - epiphyseal plates (growth lines) - immovable; symphysis - amphiarthrotic joints (hyaline & fibrocartilage) - slightly moveable - ex: intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis |
| What are the 6 types of synovial joints? | 1) plane; 2) hinge; 3) pivot; 4) condyloid; 5) saddle; 6) ball & socket |
| What does a synovial joint consist of? | articular cartilage - usually on long bones, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid |
| What are the 3 joints between the radius & ulna? | 1) superior tibiofibular, 2) inferior tibiofibular, 3) interosseous membrane |
| Describe a plane joint | it's between the superior articular surface (facet) of vertebra below & the inferior articular surface (facet) of the vertebra above |
| Describe a hinge joint and give an example | a joint that can only flex and extend; ex: elbow, interphalangeal, knee |
| Give an example of a pivot joint | the atlantoaxial joint (atlas & axis); enables the shaking of the head to say "no" |
| Describe a condyloid joint and give an example | both articular surfaces are oval; ex-metacarpalphalangeal (MCP) |
| Give an example of a saddle joint | the carpo-metacarpal joint (wrist) |
| Explain a ball and socket joint and give an example | can move in all directions; ex: shoulder and hip |
| What is the double-layered membrane surrounding a long bone? | periosteum |
| What is the functional unit of bone? | osteon or Haversian system |
| What is the internal layer lining the madullary cavity? | endosteum |
| What are the pieces of bone found in cancellous bone called? | trabeculae |
| What is diploe? | found in flat bones; similar in structure to the epiphysis in long bones; it's surrounded by compact bone; it's soft, spongy material which contains red bone marrow |
| What is lamella? | a circular layer of osteocytes located in lacunae around the Haversian canal |
| What is canaliculi? | Canaliculi are present between the lacunae and the Haversion canal to allow for nutrient and waste transport |
| What is a Haversian canal and where is it located? | the central channel found in compact bone that contains small blood vessels & nerves |
| What is a Volkmann's canal and where is it located? | they link the Haversian canals together; blood supply |
| What are the 3 spinal disorders involving abnormal curvatures? | kyphosis - an exaggerated thoracic curvature ("hunchback" or "humpback"); scoliosis - lateral curvature of the thoracic vertebrae; lordosis - abnormal invward curve of lumbar spine ("swayback") |
| What does the axial skeleton consist of? | skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (also hyoid) |
| What does the sternoclavicular junction consist of? | the medial aspect of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum |
| How is the vertebral arch formed? | from the pedicle and the lamina |
Created by:
debmurph