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biology ch 15+16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| change over time by which a modern organism has decended from ancient organisms | evolution |
| During his travels, _________ made numerous observations and collected evidence that led_______ changes over time | Darwin, life |
| Darwin observed characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the ____________. | galapagos |
| Returning home, Darwin developed his hypothesis that these _______ species were once the same species and that they had evolved from the original South American species after becoming _________ on the island | separate, isolated |
| Hutton and Lyell helped scientists recognize that earth is many millions of years old and the processes that ________ earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present | changed |
| ________ proposed that by selective use of disuse of organs, organisms aquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. | Lamarck |
| Who reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone | malthus |
| differences among individuals of a species | natural variation |
| selection where traits people wanted were bred for, things they didnt want were bred out | artificial |
| members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities | struggle for existence |
| the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is its_________ | fitness |
| any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival is an------- | adaptation |
| over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. these changes _________ a species fitness in its environment. | increase |
| common descent principle that implies all organisms were all related | descent with modifications |
| Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years. Evidence of this process could be found in the fossil record, the __ distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and __ in early development | geographical, similarities |
| structures which have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue | homologous |
| combined genetic information of all the members of a population | gene pool |
| the what of an allele is the number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | relative frequency |
| two main sources of genetic variation are _________ and the genetic _______ that results from sexual reproduction | mutations, shuffling |
| the number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many ______ control the trait | genes |
| controlled by a single gene with only 2 alleles, leads to only two distinct phenotypes | single-gene trait |
| traits controlled by two or more genes | polygenic traits |
| natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequency and thus to _________ | evolution |
| Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways name them | directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection |
| when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end __________ selection takes place | directional |
| when individuals at the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve, ___________ selection takes place | stabilizing |
| when individual at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than those near the middle, __________ selection takes place | disruptive |
| which selection leads to two distinct phenotypes? | disruptive |
| random change is allele frequency is __________ ________ | genetic drift |
| in small populations that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants that other individuals, just by chance true or false? | true |
| a situation where allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of individuals is known as the what effect? | founder |
| what principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change ~ p2+2pq+q2=1 | Hardy-Weinberg |
| the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant is called what? | genetic equilibrium |
| name the five conditions necessary for hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | vary large population, isolated (no migration) mutations dont alter the gene pool, mating is random, all individuals are equal in reproductive success |
| the formation of new species | speciation |
| as new species evolve, populations become | reproductively |
| when the members of two populations can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring, what isolation has occurred | reproductive |
| what isolation occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior | behavioral |
| what isolation occurs when two populations are seperated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water | geographical |
| isolation in which two or more species live in the same habitat but reproduce at different times | temporal |
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ebony5407