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BIOL212.CH49
CH49 The Immune System in Animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Innate immunity. | Innate immunity refers to immune system cells that are ready to respond to foreign invaders at all times |
| which immune system responds in the same way to all antigens? | The innate immune system, which is nonspecific |
| What is an antigen and what is its role in immunity? | An antigen is any foreign molecule that can initiate an immune response. |
| define acquired immunity | the part of the immune system that involves cells that require activation |
| what is the most important barrier to pathogen entry and by what means does it work? | most important barrier to pathogen entry is the skin, which presents both a physical and chemical barrier |
| List the 3 Defese Lines in our immune system. | I. innate & nonspecific (skin, WBC); II. acquired & specific (lymphocytes) |
| people with UTIs have acidic or basic urine? | basic due to the enzyme urease, which breaks down urine to basic ammonia |
| how does skin work as a defense line? | surface is acidic (helps kill bacteria); secretes LYSOZYME (saliva, sweat, tears) that breaks bacterial cell walls |
| what does NONSPECIFIC mean? | a variety of bacteria can be killed |
| what types of cells are involved in INNATE IMMUNITY? | macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells (which are types of leukocytes - WBCs) |
| what part of the innate immune system reaction is at the wound/infection site within minutes? | neutrophils |
| neutrophils comprise ___% of your total WBC | 50-90% |
| all WBC are manufactured where? | in the bone marrow |
| compare the functions of macrophages MONOCYTES and HISTIOCYTES. | monocytes leave blood and become MACROPHAGES at the infection site. Histiocytes are programmed to be resident in certain places. |
| list 3 types/locations of HISTIOCYTES. | LANGERHANS - skin; KUPFER - liver; ALVEOLAR - lungs |
| Describe the ratio of T-helper to T-regulator cells in a healthy person vs a person with AIDS. | healthy people have 2-3x more TH than TR cells; it's reversed in AIDS patients. |
| how do MAST CELLS work in the immune response? | mast cells release histamine, which enlarge blood vessels for the purpose of increasing blood flow to the wound site. Antihistimine medications shrink your vessels so that you can breathe better. |
| what are the components of ACQUIRED IMMUNITY, which is SPECIFIC?? | lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) - 35% of immunte system cells. |
| what do B-cells do? | make antibodies; responsible for humoral immunity |
| what do T cells do? | they do NOT make antibodies. responsible for cell-mediated immunity (kill your own infected cells. They kill both cells that the B cells have recognized and can recognize infected cells themselves) |
| list the 4 Types of T-cells: TC (cytotoxic); NK (natural killer); TH (T helper), TR (T regulator) | |
| define ALLERGEN. | an ALLERGEN elicits an immune response, aka an allergic reaction. |
| Inflammatory Response: what cells are made in bone marrow and mature to become PLATELETS? | MEGAKARYOCYTES |
| Inflammatory Response: these are very small protein molecules released from both platelets and the damaged tissues that act as a signal to attract the neutrophils to the wound site. | CHEMOKINES |
| Inflammatory Response:what do MAST CELLS do? | mast cells: release histamines that constrict blood vessels at the wound, but dilate blood vessels near the wound to enable neutrophils to arrive. |
| Inflammatory Response: define RUBER, CALOR, DOLOR: | Ruber=redness of blood flow @ wound site; Calor=heat at wound site; Dolor=pain due to stimulated nerve endings @ wound site |
| These hormones relax smooth muscle cells in the BV wall. | BRADYKININ, PROSTAGLANDIN |
| which cells remove pathogens by PHAGOCYTOSIS (engulf and digesting foreign particles)? | NEUTROPHILS and MACROPHAGES |
| what do MACROPHAGES secrete? | CYTOKINES |
| what is PUS made of? | dead neutrophils, macrophages and bacteria |
| recite the 4 key characteristics of acquired immune response. | SPECIFICITY, DIVERSITY, MEMORY and SELF/NONSELF RECOGNITION |
| what causes autoimmune diseases like Multiple Sclerosis and Lupus? | failure of the acquired immune system to recognize SELF vs NONSELF. |
| which proteins are involved in organ rejection? | MHC and HLA |
| the precursor to erythrocytes | erythroblasts, which have DNA |
| list the Blood cell surface proteins (antigens): | A, B, O antigens and Rh Factor |
| What is the name of the test blood recipients get and why? | the Antibody Screen, to see what blood types they can safely receive. people who are blood type A will have Anti-B, blood type B will have Anti-A, blood type O will have both Anti-A and Anti-B, and blood type AB will have neither |
Created by:
boborii