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physiology 4/13
Gastrointestinal physiology 4/13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 organs of tract are | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
| alimentary canal is __ feet long | 30 feet |
| 9 accessory organs for GI tract | teeth, tongue, salivary/gastric/intestinal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix |
| ___ tear and pulverize food | teeth |
| ___ and hard palate maneuver food for mastication and swallowing | tongue |
| ___and cheeks aid in uniform chewing of foods | lips |
| rounded ball of food covered with mucus is a | bolus |
| bolus of formed in the mouth and pushed to the back of __ | oropharynx |
| fatty acid and monoglucerides are products of | lipid digestion |
| products of lipid digestion combine with bile salts to form | water soluble micelles |
| cholesterol and lecithin and from | bile |
| ___ carry and deposit fatty acids and monoglycerides to apical surgace of intestinal epithelial cells | micelles |
| Inside the intestinal epithelial cells monoglycerides and fatty acids are converted into | triglycerides |
| triglycerides are combined with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein to form | lipoproteins called chylomicrons |
| monoglyverieds and fatty acids enter intestinal epithelial cells by | simple diffusion |
| __ exit the basal end of the epithelial cells via exocytosis | chylomicrons |
| Chylomicrons exit via exocytosis and is able to enter a | lymph lacteal |
| 80% of fluid adsorption occures in the | small intestine |
| mechanical processes begin with ___ enters via the large intestine | chyme |
| chyme enters the large intestine via the __ valve into the cecum/ascending colon | ileocecal valve |
| contents rhythmically squeezed from haustrum to haustrum is called | haustral churning |
| strong contractile wave beginning in mid transverse colon pushing contents into rectum is called | mass peristalsis |
| _ is the active transport of Na+ from the lumen to the blood allowing water to follow osmotically | primary absorptive process |
| Large intestine is inhabited by millions of bacteria which modify __ before it is expelled from fhe body | chyme |
| Bacteria do fermentation of remaining carbohydrates into what 3 gases | H gas, methane gas, and Co2 gas |
| Bacteria do decomposition of __ into simpler pigments | bilirubin |
| synthesis of vitamins (Vit K and B) happen in the | large intestine |
| ___ reflex is initiated by distension of the rectal walls, sending sensory impulses to medulla | defecation reflex |
| reflexed contraction of ___ muscles cause an increase in rectal pressure | longitudinal rectal muscles |
| ___ forces anal sphincters to open allowing for the removal of rectal contents through anus | rectal pressure |
| function in the storage and concentration of bile | gallbladder |
| bile salt found in bile allow for | lipid emulsification |
| conversion of fat globules into fat droplets is a function of | bile salts fround in bile |
| __ manufactures most plasma proteins | liver |
| __ functions as storage of important materials like glycogen, Cu, Fe, Vit A D E K B12 | liver |
| __ manufacures bile | liver |
| synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate compounds is called | gluconeogenesis |
| __ functions in gluconeogenesis | liver |
| glycogen breakdown | glycogenolysis |
| glygogen synthesis | glycogenesis |
| lipid synthesis | lipogenesis |
| funtions in phagocytosis of old RBC | liver |
| funcitons in detoxification of harmful compounds | liver |
| funtions in collection and processing of newly absorbed nutrients | liver |
| __ contains a very large surface area due to 21 feet lenght | small intestine |
| distinct intestinal movements like rhythmic segmentation and peristalsis are initiated via ___cells in the longitudinal muscle layer | pacemaker cells |
| small intestinal movements allow for mixing of contents with __ and bringing food into contact with mucosa for absorption | digestive juices |
| small intestine juice has a pH of | pH 7.6 = 2000mls |
| small intestinal __ allows for final steps of chemical digestion of chyme | juice |
| major absorption occus in the first __% of small intestine | 20-25% |
| as saliva mixes with masticated food ___ begins the chemical breakdown of starch (carbohydrate) | salivary amylase |
| deglutition means | swallowing |
| ___ is initiated as the bolus moves into the oropharynx | deglutition |
| as bolus moves into the oropharynx impulses are sent to the medulla which initiates the ___ reflex | deglutition reflex |
| elevation of soft palate closes the __ | nasopharynx |
| neck muscles move larynx forward and __ seals glottis | epiglottis |
| elevation of tongue seals mouth and bolus enters the __ | esophagus |
| gravity and contraction of the __ moves the bolus into the esophagus | pharynx |
| __ is worm like movement of material through a tube | peristalsis |
| __ is controlled by contraction of both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle | peristalsis |
| ___ are peristaltic movements occurring every 15-25 seconds | mixing waves |
| __ is initiated by peacemaker cells withing the longitudinal muscle layer of the gastric wall | mixing waves |
| 3 layers of gastric wall allos for specific movesments called | mixing waves |
| 3 layers of smooth muscle of gastric wall are | longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers |
| the force of the mixing waves is regulated by both __ and __ input | neural and hormonal input |
| 4 populations of specific cell types of fastric glands | chief, parietal, mucous, and enteroendocrine cells |
| the production of intrinsic factor by parietal cells aids in __ absorption in the intestines | Vit B12 |
| intrinsic factor is produced by __ cells and aids in Vit B12 absorption | parietal cells |
| gastric juice mixes with food to form a thin liquid paste called | chyme |
| pH 1-2= 3000ml/day | gastric juice |
| movement of chyme from the stomach into duodenum depends on | a pressure gradient |
| specific tissues of the __ allow for both endocrine and exocrine functions | pancreas |
| alpha cells of the pancreas produce | glucagon |
| beta cells of the pancreas produce | insulin |
| delta cells of the pancreas produce | somatostatin (GHIF) |
| 3 endocrine tissues of the pancreas are | alpha, beta, and delta cells |
| acinar cells of the pancreas produce a solution rich in | digestive enzymes |
| __ cells produce a solution rich in bicarbonate | duct cells |
| 2 cells of exocrine tissues of the pancreas are | acinar and duct cells |
| __ is released as chyme enters into the duodenum | pancreatic juice |
| pH 7.2-8.2= 1200-1500mls/day | pancreatic juice |
| emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum occurs___ hours after ingestion | 2-6 hours |
Created by:
JohnPink