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A&P.autoear.ch15.16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| somatic motor neurons | 1. one cell body in CNS - 2. axon extends from CNS to skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic nervous systems | TWo neurons - extending between CNS and the organs |
| first neurons in autonomic nervous system | preganglionic neurons |
| where are cell bodies of the ANS neurons? | in CNS within either the brainstem or the spinal cord |
| autonomic ganglia | contain cell bodies of the 2nd naurons of the series - visceral ganglia |
| postganglionic neurons | distal to or beyond a ganglion; referring to the unmyelinated nerve fibers originating from cells in an autonomic ganglion |
| what is effect of somatic motor neurons on skeletal muscle? | always excitatory |
| what is effect of ANS on target tissues? | can be excitatory or inhibitory |
| how are sensory neurons classified? | they are neither somatic or autonomic - they propagatea action potentials from sensory receptor to the CNS - provide information for reflexes mediated through the somatic nervous system |
| the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into two parts: | the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions; also the enteric nervous system |
| what is another name for the sympathetic division? | thoracolumbar division |
| where are cell bodies of sympathetic division located? | cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are 1) lateral horns 2) of gray matter 3. between first thoracic (T1) and 4) second lumbar (L2) segments |
| sympathetic cells | first & second - T & L |
| sympathetic chain ganglia | they are connected to one another; they form chains; |
| paravertebral ganglia | (same as sympathetic chain ganglia) located along both sides of the vertebral column |
| parasympathetic division is somethings called | craniosacral division |
| Parasympathetic the "P" | remember what it looks like - the cranial |
| what parts of ear are involved only in hearing? | external ear and middle ear |
| what parts of ear are involved in hearing and balance? | inner ear |
| parts of the external ear | Auricle and external acoutsitc meatus - terminates medially at the eardrum (the tympanic membrane) |
| middle ear | 1) air filled apces 2. within petrous portion of temporal bone (which is a separate ossification center in the fetus)3. contains auditory ossicles |
| inner ear | contains sensory organs for hearing and balance; consists of interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chamgers within the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| External ear - auricle | 1. also called "pinna" - fleshy part of extenal ear - collects sound & sends to external acoustic meatus |
| external acoustic meatus | 1. lined with hairs 2. ceruminous glands (from "cera" L. wax) 3. cerumen - modified sebum commonly called earwax |
| tympanic membrane | 1. eardrum 2. thin, semitransparent, nearly oval, three-layered membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. |
| middle ear | 1. air-filled cavity (under pressure-remember the babies crying as plane lands) 2. two openings provide air passages from the middle ear |
| what are the two openings? | 1.) Mastoid air cells in the mastoid process of the temporal bone 2.) called the auditory, pharyngotympanic or eustachian tube - opens into the pharynx and equalizes air pressure between the outside air and the eardrum |
| what can be done to open tube? | swallow, yawn, chewing |
| middle ear contains three auditory ossicles | malleus, incus & stapes which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| oval window | handled of malleus attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane |
| annular ligament | foot plate of stapes fits into the oval window & is held in place by this ligament |
| very small synovial joint | 1. hyaline or fibrocartilage 2. joint cavity with synovial fluid 3. free movement possible |
| bony labyrinth | tunnels and chambers inside the temporal bone; lined with endosteum |
| otosclerosis | spongy bone grows over the oval window & immobilized the stapes-stapes replaced by small rod |
| tinnitus | noises such as ringing, clicking; disorders |
| motion sickness | nausea, weakness caused by stimulation of the semicircular canals during motion - |
| otitis media | middle ear infections |
| meniere's disease | vertigo, nausea, progressive hearing loss due to hydrops of the endolympatic duct - labyrinthine vertigo [hydrops = ascites - excessive water accumulation] |
Created by:
walterina4327