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A&P.nervous.13&14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| brainstem has 3 parts: | medulla oblongata; pons and midbrain |
| what is more life-threatening- damage to brainstem or cerebellum? | brainstem- it is responsible for many essential functions |
| medulla oblongata | most inferior part of brainstem, & is continuous with the spinal cord |
| medulla oblongat contains | pathway for ascneding and descending nerve tracts; center for important reflexes, including heart rate, breathing, swallowing & vomiting |
| pons | contains ascending and descending nerve tracts; relay between cerebrum and cerebellum; reflex centers-sleep center and respiratory center |
| midbrain (also called mesencephalon) | contains ascending & descending nerve tracts; visual reflex center; part of auditory pathway |
| colliculus | l. "hill or mound" Latin |
| superior colliculi | reflex movement of eyes and head - ex. sudden noise-head & eyes will go toward it |
| inferior colliculi | hearing and auditory pathways |
| pyramids | on medulla oblongata; descending nerve tracts-they are DECUSSATE |
| decussate | decussatus means to form an X - this is where fibers of the descending nerve tracts cross to the opposite side. |
| pons | part of brainstem - sleep, respiratory and relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum |
| substantia nigra | "black substance" contains melanin; interconnected with other basal nuclie of the cerbrum |
| reticular formation | scattered "clouds" of nuclei; they are involved in cyles of sleep-wake |
| cerebellum | means "little brain" - contains more than 10(12) neurons, which is more than the cerebral cortex |
| cerebellum consists of 3 parts: | flocculonodular lobe; vermis; and two lateral hemispheres |
| diencephalon | dia "through" encephalon "the brain" Gr. consists of thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, & hypothalamus |
| thalamus | gr. "a bed" (looks like a bed) - major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement |
| hypothalamus | below the thalamus Hype-below or deficient - major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function |
| hypothalamus | controls endocrine system because it regulates the pituitary gland's secertion of hormones - influencingmetabolis, repreduction, responses to stress, and urine production |
| hypothalamus | also controls temperature by stimulating sweating or shivering; mood |
| cerebrum | conscious perception, thought and conscious motor activity; can ocerride most other systems |
| longitudinal fissure | cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres fissure |
| gyri | folds of brain |
| sulci | L furrow or ditch |
| frontal lobe | smell, voluntary motor, motivation, aggression & mood |
| parietal lob | major sensory areas receiving general sensory input, taste and blance |
| occipital lobes | contain visual centers |
| temporal lobes | olfactory and auditory input-memory, abstract thought and judgment |
| ventricles | cavity in the brain |
| cerebrospinal fluid | similar to serum - with proteins removed |
| choroid plexus | Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from ependymal cells, support tissue and associated blood vessels |
| mechanoreceptors | respond to mechanical stimuli, such as compression, bending or stretching of cells--tickling, touch itch, vibration, properioception, hearing and balance |
| chemoreceptors | respond to chemicals - taste & touch |
| merkel's or tactile disks | in skin, detect light touch and superficial pressure |
| pacinian or lamellated corpuscles | like onions-vibrations, proprioceptive |
| meissner's or tactile corpuscles | two-point discrimination |
| ruffini's end organs | dermis of skin; respond to continuous touch or pressure |
| phantom pain | amputated limbs still feel pain; neuron pathways are still active; lack of touch & pressure may mean that pain is not inhibited |
| chronic pain | tissue damage or arthritis can cause chronic pain; the brain usually filters or suppresses pain, but sometimes it does not |
| referred pain | damage in deep structures is felt in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain - Ex. heart attack victims feel cutaneous pain radiating from the left should down the arm |
Created by:
walterina4327