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Histology Endocrine
WVSOM -- Histology -- Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two parts of the pituitary gland? | Adenohypopysis and neurohypophysis |
| What is adenohypopysis? | anterior portion of the pituitary gland that grows up from the roof of the mouth. It is the glandular portion. |
| What is the neurohypophysis? | a down growth of the brain, posterior portion of the gland. |
| What is the infundibulum? The stalk of the pituitary gland | |
| What are the three parts of the adenohypopysis? | Pars tuberalis, pars distalis and pars intermedia |
| What is the pars distalis? | anterior lobe of the pituitary, this is the largest part of the adenohypophysis |
| What are the acidophils of the pars distalis? | Somatotropes, mammothroph |
| What are somatotropes? | associated with growth hormone |
| What is GH? | up regulates metabolism and promotes long bone growth |
| What does too much GH result in? | Children – gigantism; adults – acromegaly |
| What inhibits GH? | somatostatin |
| What are mammotrophs? | secretes prolactin |
| What is prolactin? | stimulates growth of mammary glands, intitates and maintains lactation. |
| What are the basophils in the pars distalis? | Thyrotropes , corticotropes, gonadotropes |
| What are thyrotropes? | Secrete TSH |
| What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone? | TSH; stimulates production of thyroid hormones by follicular cells |
| What do corticotropes do? | produce ACTH (Adreno)corticotrophin |
| What does ACTH do? | stimulates glucocorticoid synthesis in zona fasciculate and zona reticularis of adrenals |
| What do gonadotropes produce? | FSH and LH |
| What is FSH? | Follicle stimulating hormone. Stimulates deveopement of ovarian follicles and production of androgen-binding protein in sertoli cells |
| What is LH? | Leutinizing hormone that stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Controls the rate of testosterone synthesis by Leydig Cells |
| What are larger, basophils or acidophils in adenohypophysis? | basophils |
| What has more granules in adenohypophysis? | acidophils |
| What are neurohypophysis made of? | non-myelinated axon processes and pituicytes |
| What are pituicytes? | support cells of pars nervosa. Astrocyte-like glial cells |
| What are the non-myelinated axon processes cell bodies in neurohypophysis? | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
| What is secreted in the neurohypophysis? | ADH and oxytocin |
| What does ADH do? | anti-diuretic hormone. Stimulates water reabsorption in the renal medullary collecting ducts which increase water reabsoorption |
| What do oxytocin do? | stimulates smooth muscle contraction which causes milk ejection and uterine contractions (paraventricular nucleus) |
| What is the functional structural unit of the thyroid gland? | thyroid follicle |
| What are the two types of thyroid cells? | parafollicular cells and follicular cells |
| What are parafollicular cells? | C cells. Make calcitonin |
| What are follicular cells? | principal cells. Produce T4 and T3 hormones |
| What is colloid? | inactive storage form of thyroid hormone |
| Where are C cells found? | part of the follicular epithelium or as isolated clusters between thyroid follicles |
| What is calcitonin? | suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity. |
| What stimulates calcitonin? | elevated blood calcium levels |
| When is calcitonin suppressed? | when calcium concentration falls below normal |
| What is Grave’s disease? | hyperthyroidism. Hyperfucntion due to a circulating immunoglobulin that binds and perpetually activates the TSH receptor |
| What do T3 and T4 do? | increase cellular metabolism by stimulating carb metabolism and dcreasing synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. Increases synthesis of fatty acids. |
| What does increased production of T3 and T4 result in? | weight loss, inc. heart rate, metabolism, respiration and appetite. Also cause muscle tremors, tiredness and frequent or excessive menstrual bleeding |
| What is hashimoto’s disease? | Autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in hypothyroidism. Thyroid is infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells. |
| What 4 glands are situated on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland? | parathyroid glands |
| What are the 2 main cell types of the parathyroid gland? | chief cells and oxyphil cells |
| What do principle cells of the parathyroid do? | secrete PTH |
| What is PTH? | regulates phosphate and calcium levels (increases activity of osteoclasts) |
| What are oxyphil cells? | rounder…unknown function…have bizarre mitochondria |
| What two layers are in the suprarenal gland? | cortex and medulla |
| Where does the medulla arise from? | neural crest. |
| What kind of nerve cells are visible in the medulla? | symphathetic ganglionic nerve cells |
| What is blood supply to adrenal? | arterial supply to medulla and cortex are separate but venous drainage is combined |
| What zones are in the cortex? | glomerulosa, fasciculate, reticularis |
| What is the zona glomerulosa? | aldosterone secretion for regulating blood pressure. First layer under the capsule. |
| What is the Zona fasciculate? | second layer of cortex and the largest. Secretes glucocorticoids |
| What are glucocorticoids used for? | regulates carbohydrate metabolism and promotes elevation of blood glucose |
| What is the zona reticularis? | third layer next to medulla. Secrete gonadocorticoids |
| How do you remember the cortex order? | Salt, sugar, sex |
| What are gonadocorticoids? | DHEA, androstenedoine, weak androgens |
| How do you recognize the pineal gland? | brain sand |
| What does the pineal gland do? | controls 24 hour cycles and hormonal levels |
| What are the three cell types of the endocrine pancreas? | alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells |
| What are alpha cells? | produce glucagon |
| What are beta cells? | produce insulin |
| What are delta cells? | produce somatostatin |
| What color do alpha cells stain? | Red with Mallory-azan |
| What color do beta cells stain? | browinish-orange |
| What color do delta cells stain? | blue |
| What do enteroendocrine cells so? | belong to a diffuse neuroendocrine cells in the inetestines. |
| What can enteroendocrine cells secrete? | gastrin, CCK, secretin, VIP, GiP, motilin, and somatostatin |
| Whaere is gastrin secreted? Antrum and duodenum…a little in jejunum | |
| Where is CCK secreted? | duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| Where is secretin secreted? | duodenum, jejunum and some from ilium |
| Where is VIP secreted? | everywhere in GI tract from fundus down |
| Where is GIP secreted? | duodenum and jejunum |
| Where is motilin secreted? | duodenum and jejunum |
| Where is somatostatin secreted? | everywhere in GI from fundus down |
Created by:
tjamrose