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A&P.ch22.lymph
A&_.ch22.lymph
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| lymph | "clear spring water" L. lympha |
| what is lymph? | consists of clear liquid portion & solutes from 2 sources: substances in plasma & substances derived from cells |
| lymph - substances from plasma | ions, nutrients, gases, & some proteins - pass from blood capillaries into interstitital fluid & become part of lymph |
| lymph - substances from cells | hormones, enzymes & waste products |
| functions of lymphatic system | 1. fluid balance 2. fat absorption 3 defense |
| lacteals | special lymphatic vessels located in lining of small intestine; fats enter them |
| what absorbs lipids? | lacteals from the lymphatic system - |
| what does lymphy look like when it has fat? | Lymph has milky appearance; called chyle G. chylos = juice |
| fluid balance | 3 Liters of fluid enter the lymphatic capillaries- lymphatic system prevents edema |
| edema | accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells tissues, or serous cavities |
| lymphatic capillaries | begin as small "dead-end" tubes - excess fluid passes through tissue spaces & drains into lymphatic capillaries |
| where are lymphatic capillaries | almost all tissues EXCEPT centraol nervous syste, bone marrow & tissues without blood vessels, such as cartilage, epidermis & the cornea |
| superficial lymphatic capillaries | dermis of skin & hypodermis |
| deep group of lymphatic capillaries | drains muscles, joints, viscera, & other deep structure |
| what do lymphatic capillaries have that VEINS have??? | VALVES - to prevent backflow of fluid |
| Lymphatic capillaries | 1. LACK basement membrane 2. simple squamous epithelium - loosely attached 3. permeable 4. one-way valves |
| lymphatic vessels | 1. resemble small veins |
| structure of lymphatic vessels | 1. inner layer - endothelium w/elastic membrane 2. middle layer-smooth muscle cells & elastic fibers 3. outer layer - THIN layer of fibrous connective tissue -- REMEMBER - ELASTIC THIN structure |
| lymph nodes | round, oval or bean-shaped bodies distributed along various lymphatic vessels |
| lymph nodes - function 2. | 1. filter lympth 2. congregation site for lymphocytes - located superficially & deep |
| lymphatic trunks | drain major parts of body |
| what drains head & neck? | jugular trunk |
| upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall & mammary glands | subclavian trunks |
| thoracic organs & deep thoracic wall | bronchomediastinal trunks |
| abdominal organs such as intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, & liver | intestinal trunks |
| lower limbs, pelvic & abdominal walls, pelvic organs, ovaries or testes, kidneys & adrenal glands | lumbar trunks |
| lymphatic trunks connect to | 1. large veins in thorax or larger vessels called lymphatic ducts, which then connect to large veins |
| largest lymphatic vessel?? | thoracic duct -collects all lymph for left side of body & majority of right side- jugular & subclavian truck join thoracic duct, which then empty into thoracic veins |
| right lymphatic duct | on right side, jugular, subclavian & bronchomediastinal trunks join a right thoracic vein separelty or they can form a short duct called the right lymphatic duct |
| cisterna chyli | some lymphatic trunks form a sac called the "cisterna chyli" or cistern or tank that contains juice |
| lymphoid tissue - cell types (5 +) | 1. lymphocytes 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells 4. reticular cells 5. other cell types |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells that originate in bone marrow & carried by blood to lymphatic & other tissues |
| reticular fibers/reticular cells | collagen fibers which trap microorganisms & other particles in lymph fluid |
| dendrites | not the same as neurons; ?? |
| lymphatic tissue types (4) | 1. diffuse 2. encapsulated 3. nonencapsulated 4. lymphatic nodules |
| diffuse (3 characteristics) | 1. contains dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages & other cells 2. has no clear boundary 3. blends with surrounding tissues - Located deep to mucous membranes, around lymphatic nodules & within lymph nodes & spleen |
| encapsulated | lymphatic tissue surrounded by connective tissue - ex. spleen, lymph nodes & thymus |
| nonencapsulated | without Connective tissue capsule - found in & beneath mucous membrane - also called MALT |
| MALT | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - found in mucous membranes in digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts - intercept microorganisms as they enter body |
| lymphatic nodules | DENSER arrangements of lymphatic tissues |
| Peyer's patches | aggregations of lyphatic nodules - found in distal half of small intestine & appendix |
| lymphatic follicles | nodules within lymph nodes & spleen |
| tonsils | large groups of lymphatic nodules & diffuse lymphatic tissue-protect against bacteria in pharynx or nasal or oral cavities |
| 3 groups of tonsils | 1. palatine tonsils ("the tonsils") 2. pharyngeal tonsil (or adenoid) 3. lingual tonsil |
| nasopharyngeal tonsils | may be removed-interfere with breathing |
| palatine & lingual | congregation site for "B" & "T" cells |
| lymph nodes | 1. filter lymph 2. macrophages line the lymphatic synuses; they are stimulated to reproduce by microorganisms or other foreign substances |
| tonsils | highest percent of lymphatic tissue up until 25 years old |
| spleen | just one spleen - left side; superior part of abdominal cavity - can be ruptured (cracks repaired using sutures & blood-clotting agents) Surgeon may wrap a mesh around it |
| spleen functions (3) | 1. destroys old/defective red blood cells 2. detects & responds to foreign substances in blood and 3. acts as blood reservoir |
| foreign substances in spleen | white pulp has lymphocytes |
| structures in spleen | hilum - trabeculae (connective tissue fibers) - white pulp (lymphatic tissue) & red pulp (fibrous network filled with red blood cells, macrophages & enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins - splenic cords (reticular cells) |
| what happens if you lose spleen or don't have one??? | liver takes over; but you will be susceptible to infections; dental work will need prophylactic agent - could be immunocompromised |
| during exercise, blood in spleen is | reduced by 40-50% - increase in circulating red blood cells promote better oxygen delivery |
| Thymus | located in superior mediastinum - covers ascending aorta - growonly during 1st year of life- |
| when is thymus the largest size? | between 25-35 |
| what is produced in thymus? | MATURE T-cells (which are B cells that went to Thymus College & learn to attack bad stuff!!) |
| immunity (definition) | ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms & harmful chemicals |
| innate immunity | also called nonspecific resistance-body recognized & destroys certain foreign substances |
| adaptive immunity | also called specific immunity - body recognizes & destroys foreign substances, response improves each time |
| adaptive immunity (2 characteristics not found in innate immunity) | specificity and memory |
| specificity | ability to recognize a particular substance |
| memory | ability of adaptive immunity to "remember" previous encounters; response is better, stronger & faster |
| adaptive immunity | you are "immune" from bacteria second time it attacks |
| innate immunity (3) | 1) mechanical mechanism prevent entry 2. chemical mediators that act against microorganisms or activate others 3. phagocytosis |
| mechanical mechanisms (examples | skin, mucous membranes (form barriers) eyes have tears, mouth has saliva, urinary tract has urine; cilia & mucous in respiratory tract; also coughing & sneezing |
| chemical mediators | on skin-lysozyme, sebum, & mucus; histamine, complement; eicosanoids (promote inflammation) then interferons |
| complement | Group of 20 proteins - form complement cascade |
| Complement C system | biochemical cascade of proteins that attacks the surface of foreign cells |
| What activates complement system? | presences of foreign microbes |
| what does complement do to foreign antigens? | binds to surace antigens on the pathogen and disrupts plasma membrane |
| interferons | respond to viral infection - stimulate other cells to produce antiviral proteins (don't work against the virus directly) |
| inflammatory response | complex sequence of events in response to tissue injury, trauma, infection |
| cardinal signs of inflammation | redness, heat, swelling, pain & loss of function |
| redness, heat, & swelling result from | increased blood flow & increased vascular permeability (which brings phagocytes to area) |
| pain is caused by | swelling & chemical mediators acting on pain receptors |
| loss of function results from | tissue destruction, swelling & pain |
| systemic inflammation | inflammatory response in many parts of the body |
| how is systemic inflammation different from local? | 1. red bone marrow produces neutrophils 2. pyrogens stimulate fever production; which activates immune system & inhibits frowth of some microorganisms 3. increased vascular permeability can lead to fluid loss from blood into tissue |
| innate immunity - 3 categories | chemical mediators; inflammatory repsonse and cellular barriers |
| cllular barriers (cell types) | neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast, basophils, natural killer cells & dendritic cells |
| neutorphils | small phagocytic cells procued in red bone marrow; circulate few hours; found in pus |
| macrophages | large phagocytic cells; "cleanup" after neutrophils, produce chemicals, such as interferons |
| mast cells | dont' move (like mast of a ship) watch over capillaries |
| natural killer cells (NK | recognize certain classes of cells, such as tumor cells-don't have memory |
| adaptive immunity | immunity that exhibits specificity, a stronger response and memory |
| specificity | ability to recognize a particular substance |
| memory | "remember" previous encounter with bacteria |
| stronger response | recognizes right away, responds rapidly & bacteria are destroyed |
| antigen | (AG) substances that stimulate adaptive immunity |
| antigen | an·ti·gen (ān'tĭ-jən) Pronunciation Key n. A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. |
| foreign antigens | from outside the body--bacteria, viruses, also pollen, animal dander, house dust mite feces, foods & drugs |
| self-antigens | molecules produces by body that stimulate adaptive immune system response; example auto-immune disease |
| Humoral or Antibody-mediated adaptive immunity | B-cells produce cells that produce protein antibodies; which are found in plasma |
| cell-mediated immunity | T-Cells - recognize sub-populations of cells |
| origin and maturation of lymphocytes | derived from stem cells in the red bone marrow |
| site for B-cell maturation | released from red bone marrow |
| T-cells | pre-T cells circulate to thymus where they become T-cells |
| T-H (T-helper cells) | coordinate immune response by communicating with other cells |
| T-C (cytotoxic) | destroy cells |
Created by:
walterina4327