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WVSOM -- Histology
WVSOM -- Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the doorway of the kidney? | Hilum |
| What is in the Hilum? | renal vessels and the renal pelvis |
| What is teh renal pelvis | the upper expansion of the ureter |
| What is the kidney divided into? | outer cortex and inner medulla |
| Where does filtering of water happen? | Cortex |
| What does teh cortex contin? | Renal corpuscles and kidney tubles |
| What are teh medullary pyramids? | most of the medulla. |
| What is ratio of papilla to minor calyx? | 1:1 |
| What do the papilla havce? | they are dotted with tiny holes which are the openings of teh collecting ducts draining into the minor calyx. |
| What are renal columns | colums of cortical material between the medullary pyramids |
| What is a renal lobe? | each renal pyramid plus its overlying cortex. |
| What is a renal copruscle | Made up of bowm's capsule and a ball of capillaries called teh glomerulus |
| What are the 2 types of nephrons based on the length of the loop of Henle? | Outer cortical (short) nephrons Juxtamedullary (long) nephrons |
| What are outer corical nephrons? | the renal corpuscles of these lie in the outer part of the cortex. They have short loops of henle that extend for only a small distance into the medulla. ALWAYS HAVE VERY SHORT OR NO THING ASCENDING LIMBS!!! |
| What are Juxtamedullary nephrons? | The renal corpuscles are deep in teh cortex and have long loops of henle that extend deep into the medulla. 15% are juxtamedullary. They set up the osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid. |
| What is a glomeruls | ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle |
| What kind of arterioles go thru the renal corpuscle? | afferent and efferent arterioles |
| What is boman's capsule | a double-walled, cup-shaped exansion that surrounds the glomerulus. |
| What are the two layers of the Bowman's Capsule? | Visceral layer and parietal layer |
| What is the visceral layer of the Bowman's Capsule? | Podocytes are directly attached to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus. Contains the filtration membrane |
| What makes up the filtration membrane of the visceral layer? | Pedicels, capillary endothelium and the basement membrane |
| What are polocytes? | main cells of the visceral layer. |
| What is the parietal layer of the Bowman's Capsule? | simple squamous epithelium. It is continuous with the visceral layer at the vascular pole. There is a capsular space between the parietal and visceral layer of the capsule |
| What is the glomerulus | It is here that the tissue fluid, or filtrate enters teh capsular space. |
| What is the tissue characteristics of the glomerulus? | Glomerular endothelium that is very thin and fenestrated |
| What is the proximal convoluted tubule? | Begins at the renal corpsucle's urinary pole. Has microvilli that form a brush border. |
| How much does the proximal convoluted tubule reduce the volume being filtrated? | 80% |
| What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule? | Glucose, amino acids adn vitamins |
| What are some materials that are excreted here? | penicillin and dye |
| What is the loop of henle? | Runs in a medullary ray and extends into themedulla. It has a thick descending limb and a thin descending limb and a thin ascending limb with a thick ascending limb structure. |
| What is in the thin limbs of the loop of henle? | simple squamous |
| What is permeable in the thin descending limb of the loop of henle? | water, sodium and chloride ions |
| What does the thin ascending limb of the loop of henle do? | pumps sodium, potassium and chloride out of the filtrate and into the interstitial fluid around the tubules |
| What does the loop of Henle act as? | a counter current multiplier to create an increasingly hypertonic interstitial fluid form the corticomedullary junction to teh medullary papillae. |
| What is the ascending limb of the loop of henle impermeable to? | water |
| What is the distal convoluted tubule? | The distal convoluted tubule is back to being cuboidal epithelium |
| What does the distal convoluted tubule do? | makes final adjustments to the salt, water and acid-base balance. |
| What hormone acts on the distal convoluted tuble and what does it do? | Aldosterone causes the distal convoluted tuble to reabsorb sodium from the filtrate and put it into the interstitial fluid and exrcrete potassium into the filtrate. |
| Where is aldosterone made? | Zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex |
| What does ADH do to the distal convoluted tubule? | Antidiuretic hormone acts on the last part of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts making them permeable to water. |
| When is ADH secreted? | under conditions when small amounts of water are ingested or when tehre is a great loss of water such as in hemorrhage |
| What does alcohol do to the release of ADH? | inhibits it |
| What happens to the urine when ADH is released? | water is removed from the filtrate and the urine is hypertonic (concentrated) |
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Distal convoluted tuble + tunica media of afferent ateriole. |
| What does teh juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to? | drop in blood pressure |
| What does renin do | plays an important role in control of sodium and blood pressure. |
| What causes renin secretion? | sodium deficiency |
| What is the macula densa? | distal convoluted tubule + tubica media of afferent arteriole |
| What does the Macula Densa do? | monitors the DCT fluid chloride concentration so that the juxtaglomerular apparatus can control the filtration rate |
| What is the path of blood thru the kidney? | Renal artery -> Segmental artery -> Interlobar Artery -> Arcuate artery -> Interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capilaries -> Vasa recta -> Interlobular Vein -> Arcuate Vein -> Interlobal Vein -> Ren |
| Flow of urine is: | Papilla -> Minor calyx -> major calyx -> Renal pelvis -> ureter |
| Ureter Tissue order: | Transitional epithelium lamina propria muscularis adventitia |
| Bladder H&E: | epithelium muscularis (dtrusor muscle) it is a huge layer. |
| What is key landmark getting thru the urinary system? | transitional epithelium |
| Where does bladder cancer usually happen? | At the neck |
Created by:
tjamrose