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WVSOM -- Anatomy
Retroperitoneum
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intraperitoneal | organs that have a visible mesentery |
| Which organs are intraperitoneal? | stomach liver spleen pancreas 1 and 4 portion of duodenum jejunum ileum appendix transverse colon sigmoid colon |
| Secondarily retroperitoneal | organs that move back to the body wall during development and their mesenteries "lay down" on the perioneaum |
| Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal? | 2 and 3rd portions of duodenum ascending colon descending colon rectum |
| Primarily retroperitoneal | organs that never develop a mesentary |
| Which organs are primarily retropertioneal? | kidneys suprarenal glands ureters pelvic viscera |
| Retroperitoneum | region immediately posterior to teh lining of teh abdomen |
| Which ribs are posterior to the kidneys? | T11 and 12 |
| Which kidney is inferior? | The right kidney is inferior to the left |
| How is surgical access to the kidneys gained? | By incising the skin, subcutaneous fat and intercostal muscles. Ribs are then spread to allow room in surgical window |
| Concave side of kidney | Hilum |
| Capsule | surrounds kidney to protect it from environment |
| Renal vascular segments of the kidneys | superior anterior/superior anterior/inferior inferior posterior |
| Are there anastomaoses between interlobal arteries? Why is this important? | No, therfore blood cannot shunt around an infarct |
| If there is an infarct what happens to the kidney? | focal necrosis results |
| Where is renal papilla located? | apex of each renal pyramid |
| What do renal papilla do? | collects the filtrate from teh collecting ducts and empties it into the lumen of the minor calyx |
| What happens to kidneys as they ascend in terms of blood supply? | They pick up more and more superior arterial blood supply and lose older, more inferior arteries |
| Never reflect a ureter away from its _______. | Blood supply |
| Ureters pass posterior to the | gonadal arteries and inferior to the uterine arteries. "water under the bridge" |
| Proximal ureter has a thin layer of smooth muscle that is called the | muscularis externa |
| The distal ureter has a thick | muscularis externa |
| What is the difference histologically between the proximal and distal ureter? | proximal ureter has a thing layer of smooth muscle and the distal ureter has a thick layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa |
| Polycystic kidneys | Inherited disease following an autosomal dominent inheritance pattern. Kidneys get large and nonfunctional |
| Renal caliculi | kidneystones |
| What are the common sites where the caliculi get wedged? | renal pelvis arcuate line of pelvis entry into the bladder |
| What is the entry point of the kidney? | Hilum |
| How many vascular segments do kidneys have? | 5 |
| What is the order of arteries form the segmental artery? | Segmental aretery -> interlobal aa -> arcuate aa. -> interlobular aa. |
| What kind of autonomic innervation is in the kidney? | only sympathetic |
| What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys? | T10-11 |
| What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys? | There isn't any |
| What is the order of innervation from the sympathetic nerve? | Sympathtetic chain -> lesser splanchnic n. -> aorticorenal ganglion (synapse) -> follow the renal artery to the kidney |
| urine leaves teh collecting ducts at teh apex of each? | renal papilla |
| Each papilla empties into a | minor calyx |
| Order of urine flow from the papilla | papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
| Where does blood supply to the ureters coem from? | its medial side in the abdomen and from its lateral side in the pelvis |
| As ureters descend, they pass __________ to the gonadal arteries and ___________ andterior to the large common iliac arteries. | posterior;anterior |
| Why does the muscular lining of the ureter become more prominent as you move down? | The ureters must sometiems force urine into a full bladder |
| From the bladder, how does urine drain in the male? | bladder -> prostatic urethra -> membranous urethra -> spongy urethra -> out |
| From the bladder, how does urine drain in the female? | bladder -> membranous urethra -> out |
| Where does the prostate secrete in the male? | into the urethra thru several small ducts |
| Where do the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles release their contents? | prostatic urethra and prostatic utricle |
| What kind of muscle does the membranous urethra pass thru? | skeletal muscle |
| Why is important we have skeletal muscle in the membranous urethra? | It allows for urinary continence |
| Where is kidney transplantion done? | At the more accessible common iliac arteries. |
| Are old kidneys left in place during transplant? | Most often it is left in place. |
Created by:
tjamrose